.... It extends Agency Theory by validating its relevance in a developing country context and demonstrates that effective governance practices – especially board independence and separation of leadership roles – can mitigate agency problems even in the absence of strong regulatory frameworks. The findings offer...

... contexts in the region. Agency theory (Hazaea et al., 2023) considers the association between BGD and business performance as the BODs’ monitoring duty (Alshirah et al., 2023). On the other hand, according to resource dependency theory, female directors offer unique expertise...