... and echelon utilization enterprises. Numerical simulations are employed to evaluate how key parameters influence optimal decisions and profit distribution. Findings Excessive competition in recycling reduces the supply chain’s operational efficiency and negatively affects profits. Recyclers and echelon...

... The analysis discovered that each party in the supply chain will see an increase in earnings if the government boosts trade-in subsidies, which means that the degree of recycling efforts of each entity will also increase; under the condition with subsidies, the recycling efforts and echelon utilization rates...