... a normative reference scheme against which a bias is measured (e.g. by defining concepts of sexism, political leaning or offensive speech). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 , we give a literature overview on query suggestions, the topics of biases in search engines and the impact...

... they are derived, are biased. Such “pre-existing bias” entails broader biases that have their “roots in social institutions, practices, and attitudes” (Friedman and Nissenbaum, 1996 , p. 333), including decisions about which data are collected and by whom, for which purposes, how they have been processed, etc...

... such as news, search engines, entertainment, finance, etc. Fogg et al. (2001) found that, on average, web sites contained 11.6 percent of bias in the information they provided. Biases were more frequently perceived in news web sites (30.2 percent), and opinion or review web sites (23.8 percent...