... are mainly characterized by having a high population density and citizens with high educational levels. Practical implications Politicians and public managers should implement open government projects, offering interactive participation tools that promote collaboration and co-creation initiatives...

... with a low-threshold, potentially enabling a variety of citizens to engage in co-design activities relating to open government and civic tech. Social implications Such methods address the digital divide and further social participation of non-tech-savvy citizens. They value the resources and expertise...