... that Latino, Black and Asian American respondents were more likely to have had experiences with racism and report police as biased than White residents, similar to what has been reported in other studies. They also reported that racial and ethnic disparities in assessments of police bias disappeared when...

... officers treated people in scenarios that had the potential to escalate into deadly encounters. We found that officers did not appear to be racially biased in how they treated people, nor were they biased by how an individual was dressed. Instead, their interactions were influenced by citizen demeanor...

..., hierarchical level modeling ensures that the coefficients for each variable are not biased by inappropriately grouping characteristics together across levels of analysis. Thus, multilevel modeling is an advanced form of multivariate analysis that offers a solution to one weakness of traditional multivariate...

... list of crime incidents is no easy task. It is well established that crime data are fraught with potential errors and biases introduced by non‐random reporting patterns (Myrtveit et al., 2001), investigation as a mediating factor (McCleary et al., 1982), and clerical error (Block...

... were asked to judge the New York City Police Department on measures related to racially biased policing and to procedural/distributive justice, this paper builds a perception of discrimination composite tied to perceived personal experience with officer bias and to beliefs regarding the perceived...