.... Findings The authors’ multilevel analysis indicates that the racial effect on police decision to arrest is more likely to be contextual than individual. Black and Hispanic drivers have no significant difference from White drivers in police decisions to arrest when area variations are controlled...

... Decision making Multilevel analysis Situational factor Neighborhood factor Ranging from traffic stops to use of force, the factors influencing police decision have garnered substantial academic attention. Of particular import are extra‐legal as well as legal contexts affecting arrest/non‐arrest...

...‐efficacy. H1B. Self‐efficacy has a positive effect on individuals’ performance. Taiwan Police Work design Multilevel analysis Hierarchical linear model Work characteristics Self‐efficacy Collective efficacy For any society, police organizations play a significant role...