... entities because individuals with concerns choose not to report them (Sporer et al., 2021). © Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Suspicious activity reporting Chatbot Webform Report accuracy User perceptions Anonymity...

...Jeff Gruenewald; Brent R. Klein; Grant Drawve; Brent L. Smith; Katie Ratcliff Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a metric for validating the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) Initiative’s (NSI) sixteen-category instrument, which is designed to guide law enforcement...