..., Concordia University 2021, EIPE Rotterdam 2023 for their helpful comments and suggestions. © 2024 B. S. Y. Crutzen, D. Sisak and O. H. Swank 2024 B. S. Y. Crutzen, D. Sisak and O. H. Swank Licensed re-use rights only Electoral competition populism pandering information In the last...

... effects induce incumbency advantage, all else equal. We relate these results to empirical patterns on incumbency effects across democracies. Electoral accountability incumbency effects reputation pandering term limits This paper concerns electoral accountability and incumbency effects...

...Ben Lockwood This paper considers the implications of an important cognitive bias in information processing, confirmation bias, in a political agency setting. When voters have this bias and when only the politician’s actions are observable before the election, it decreases pandering...