... routinely interpret it as evidence of prejudice against minorities. But theoretically, such associations can represent favoring minorities, disfavoring them, or a combination of both. We provide a conceptual framework to distinguish patterns of favoring and disfavoring against a standard...

... thank Allison Anoll, Josh Clinton, the editors, and anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback on this project. © 2019 A. M. Engelhardt 2019 A. M. Engelhardt Licensed re-use rights only Elections prejudice race research design voting Political observers and social scientists...