... that connections formed before the Orange Revolution could not be immediately or credibly changed in the period after. The panel analysis is our preferred empirical strategy, though it comes with some tradeoffs, as we discuss. Defensive ownership property rights political connections oligarchs Ukraine...

... implementation, we show that greater land reform intensity in Peru generated more poverty and stunted human development. This occurred because land reform encouraged rural demographic stasis, generated widespread land informality and property rights instability, and reduced political competitiveness. Although...