Keywords: Instructor social connectedness
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Journal Articles
Journal Articles
Quarterly Review of Distance Education (2024) 25 (4): 17–31.
Published: 15 December 2025
...Sheri Conklin; Stella Kim; Beth Oyarzun; Daisyane Barreto This study validated the FORCES framework (Feedback, Organization, Response time, Communication, Empathy, and Sociability) to measure instructor social connectedness in online education. The survey was conducted at two southeastern...

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