... overlap, warranting further examination. Finally, this study focused on student perceptions; future research should explore instructor perspectives and use longitudinal designs to examine long-term outcomes such as retention and academic performance. Practical implications This study highlights...

... and facilitation of online courses. Instructor Social connectedness Online Learning Student Perceptions Instructor Connectedness Although primarily associated with design and development, course organization has contributed to students’ perceptions of instructor presence. A well-structured course...