...Dawn L. Keig; Lance Eliot Brouthers Purpose This paper aims to apply a risk/uncertainty lens to corruption to explore how different types of corruption (formal vs informal) in a multinational enterprise’s (MNE) operating environment have different relationships to firm performance. Design...

.../approach The paper applies the panel generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique that gives better results. Findings The empirical findings show that the move to invest abroad has brought a positive impact on Malaysian MNCs’ financial performance. However, in terms of a firm’s risk...