... contact lenses because of issues such as overcure and staircase effect. This study aims to develop 4D printing techniques to overcome these challenges. Design/methodology/approach Controlled warpage and bilayer hydrogel actuation are explored as two 4D printing techniques for contact lenses. In both...

...Murat Celik Purpose This study aims to systematically investigate the cyclic shape memory behaviour of 4D-printed polylactic acid ( PLA )-thermoplastic polyurethane ( TPU ) core-shell structures subjected to repeated programming-recovery cycles, with emphasis on understanding the influence...

... to their limited stress recovery responses. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of producing SMP composites (SMPCs) with enhanced mechanical and recovery properties using additive manufacturing, also known as 4D printing, for large-scale manufacturing. The long-term objective is to 4D print functional...

... interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 02 05 2025 07 11 2025 24 11 2025 © 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only 4D printing Nano-silicates Embedded...

...Purushottam Suryavanshi; Srushti Lekurwale; Pankaj Kumar; Santosha K. Dwivedy; Subham Banerjee Purpose This research aims to provide a innovative class of shape-memory-responsive cellulosic composites (RCC) for 4D printing, enabling self-activated, reversible shape morphing. By integrating...

... to previous 4D printing approaches where property-variations are realised across multiple layers or with complex composites, this study hypothesises that residual strain varies from top-to-bottom within a single printed extrudate and that this offers an opportunity to achieve controllable 4D printing...

... 12 10 2024 15 12 2024 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only 4D printing Additive manufacturing Shape memory polymer Carbon nanotubes Coating With the growth of industries and needs, complex and new materials...

... reactions and good biocompatibility. For most SMPs, however, achieving controllable sequential shape change is challenging. Design/methodology/approach In the present work, 4D printing technology is used to fabricate shape memory composites using polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and graphite. A comparative...

...Manikandan Nachimuthu; Rajesh P.K. Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers using inkjet printing technology. 4D printing refers to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of smart materials capable of shape change or function modification...

... Materials (SMs). The 4D printing is basically 3D printing of these SMs. This paper aims to focus on novel materials and their useful application in various industries using the technology of 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach Research studies in 4D printing have increased since the time when...

... stretchability, required for the existence of the SME. In recent years, several advances have been made to 4D printing by using material jetting and multi-material printing as described in the in-depth review by Kuang et al. (2018b). Printing of SMPCs is possible because of the excellent fusion between...

... 2019 06 05 2019 16 07 2019 22 10 2019 01 01 2020 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Sensors Rapid tooling Fused deposition modelling Scaffold 4D printing Drug delivery devices FDM = Fused...

...John Carrell; Garrett Gruss; Elizabeth Gomez Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process...

... 11 2017 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only 4D printing Shape memory polymer Design of experiments Material extrusion Material extrusion (ME) technique is a 3D printing technique that was initially considered a rapid...