... Dimensional accuracy Density Binder saturation Construction industry faces innumerable challenges regarding non-sustainable practices including façade elements (Buswell et al., 2007 ; Lim et al., 2012), non-reusable, tied up or very expensive reusable concrete formworks (Cole...

... Mechanical strength Surface quality Binder saturation Building and construction industry faces innumerable challenges for the production costs. For instance, non-reusable formwork for concrete can generate huge amounts of the waste materials. Reusable scaffolds can be adopted, but their production...