... analysis, while discrete element method ( DEM ) simulations performed a full-factorial sweep (11,000 cases) to map trends and pairwise interactions. Findings Experiments revealed a porosity minimum at an intermediate roller traverse speed, a monotonic increase in porosity with greater layer thickness...

... with numerical simulation via discrete element method (DEM). Findings Four typical load-displacement curves were identified from nanoindentation of total test points indicating a typical elastic-plastic behavior of the 3D printed gypsum rock sample. Mechanical parameters such as Young’s modulus and hardness...