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Determining the copyright status of works created in the United States after 31 December 1922 requires a complex process that takes into consideration when the work was created; whether and how the work was published; whether a notice was required and, if so, whether one was correctly affixed; and, if the work was subject to renewal requirements, whether it was correctly renewed by the copyright holder or subject to automatic renewal (Mannapperuma et al., 2014). For works published between 1923 and 1963, it is particularly difficult to determine the copyright status because the copyright holder may have...

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