Telephone directories: Alternatives to print

In the Spring 1992 issue of Reference Services Review, Douglas Ernest, Joan Beam, and Jennifer Monath noted that “Telephone directories have been an integral part of most public and academic libraries for nearly a century. Telephone directories represent an anomaly among library collections; known to virtually all users, they nevertheless often go unrecognized when librarians discuss reference sources.” After the break‐up of the AT&T telephone monopoly in 1984, the process of acquiring telephone directories became more difficult and expensive. Seven regional holding companies, called the “Baby Bells,” were created to provide competition for the equipment and services that were once dominated by “Ma Bell.” The regional Bell companies began to charge each other for directories; as a result, the regional telephone companies had to pass on the expense to customers. It is still common for a regional Bell to provide libraries with directories of in‐state white pages, but to charge for areas outside the state, separate yellow pages within the state, and independently published telephone directories. Telephone directories, once provided free of charge to libraries to reduce the workload of operators, are now in competition with the fee‐based service of directory assistance.