...Sana Tauseef; Ali Asghar Khurshid Purpose We aim to construct the environmental, social and governance (ESG) ranking based on voluntary disclosures in an emerging market where ESG ratings are unavailable and investigate the factors influencing a firm’s ESG ranking. Design/methodology/approach...

... aviation companies must increase CSR disclosure (CSD) in annual reports, in order to meet international requirements. Social implications – CSR information (in the aviation industry) is likely to raise public awareness about social, economic and environmental issues within the Pakistani society...