... by remittances. Remittances, however, serve the vital purpose of poverty alleviation for receiving households. The estimated share of remittances as a share of Afghan GDP rose gradually to 4.1% by 2020 (Figure 2). The rapid growth of remittances followed the European migration crisis of 2015, highlighting...

... of the key dilemmas represent themselves in the extreme poverty segment of the BOP where commercial business models have the least traction. Research limitations/implications Propositions are developed for the corrective actions in the paper which might allow future research to uncover differences...

... to the poor to how collaborative networks – including local firms and NGOs – engage with the poor to design, produce, distribute, and sell goods and services. An emerging consensus is that successful BoP ventures must use an integrative approach in key areas: understanding distinctions among poverty levels...