... and endogeneity of income and the two modes of FDI. Findings Evidence from the full sample reveals that GFDI increases pollution, supporting the pollution haven hypothesis, while M&As decrease pollution in line with the halo effect hypothesis. GFDI flowing into poorer countries worsens the environment...

... three highly polluting industries. Design/methodology/approach The study uses pooled cross‐sectional, time‐series data and an event study methodology to examine the effects of TRI emissions on abnormal market returns. Findings There is empirical evidence that market reactions to TRI emissions...