..., and digitalization will significantly change fan behavior. They predict a rising share of international fans, a replacement of lifelong fans by short-term event consumers, and a digitalization of the spectator experience. Furthermore, widespread fan involvement in club ownership and management, as advocated...

... states. Additional research establishes more explicit links between fan behaviour, biased officiating, and HA. Page and Page (2010) found a relationship between crowd size, the extent of officiating bias, and the size of HA in an analysis of 37,830 soccer matches. Garicano et al. (2005...