... – such as mental health support, livelihood programs and inclusive governance – can enhance long-term community resilience and stability. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by extending transformational leadership theory into conflict-affected rural contexts and offering an integrated...

... and social spheres. Social implications The study highlights how online information disorder deepens social division and erodes trust, demonstrating the need to rebuild community resilience and strengthen media literacy to counter polarisation. Originality/value This article’s originality lies...