.... Moreover, simultaneity and continuity of herding behavior are detected in these markets. In normal periods, the French market is a UK herding trigger, but the US, UK and Canadian markets are anti-herding. Mainly, downturns in the US market lead Canadian investors to be more pessimistic about...

... The findings show evidence of anti-herding during periods of simultaneous high volatility in stock and currency markets, as well as in the gold and currency markets. However, the results support herding in the whole sample period, which reduces when including the COVID-19 pandemic effect. In addition...