...Michael Bleaney; Zhiyong Li Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the performance of estimators of the bid-ask spread in a wide range of circumstances and sampling frequencies. The bid-ask spread is important for many reasons. Because spread data are not always available, many methods have...

... Pyramidal structure Voting rights Bid‐ask spread Tunisia Our study concentrates on the impact of controlling owners on market liquidity. We suppose that controlling shareholders are informed and therefore the spread is larger and depth is lower reflecting the high probability of informed trading...