...Paulo Pereira da Silva Purpose This study aims to investigate whether exchange-traded fund ( ETF ) replication strategy influences tracking error. While synthetic ETFs are often criticised for their complexity and perceived risk, empirical evidence on their tracking performance remains mixed...

...Tim Leung; Brian Ward Purpose – The purpose of this study is to understand the tracking errors of leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs) on gold and demonstrate improved tracking performance by dynamic portfolios of gold futures. Design/methodology/approach – The author formulates...