Reinventing the wheel of management

Postulates that empowerment can be seen as a recent reincarnation of a participative approach that previous managers, in epochs past, have found themselves having to create to match the circumstances of the time. States managers in successive generations have independently recreated empowerment and other management techniques again and again, so they could adapt to the current circumstances of the time. Uses a table to describe measurement systems. Suggests that management of the business and its work must be closely integrated with management of the people who do that work.