Integrated sensor systems for environmental monitoring

Discusses the requirements in environmental monitoring ‐ primarily in aqueous environments. Detection of substances below the ppb‐level may be required. Many analytes lack intrinsic properties suitable for direct detection by a sensor. Therefore, separation, concentration, and chemical conversion may be required. Sensors may require calibration and conditioning. Efforts are taken to integrate these functions with sensor components to give integrated sensor systems, which allow unattended operation in the environment.