Exploring Bi₂MoO₆ as a promising electrode material for electrochemical sensing applications

This study aims to critically analyze the recent advances in Bi₂MoO₆-based electrochemical sensing technologies, focusing on material synthesis, modification strategies and diverse applications while identifying key challenges and future research directions.

This review systematically examines the structural and physicochemical properties of Bi₂MoO₆, various electrode fabrication methods and modification strategies including nanostructuring, composite formation and polymer integration. The analysis encompasses recent developments in environmental monitoring (e.g. heavy metals and pesticide detection), biomedical diagnostics (e.g. glucose and prostate-specific antigen detection) and food safety applications (e.g. antibiotics and pesticide residues detection). Key challenges identified include improving intrinsic conductivity, enhancing stability in complex matrices and achieving scalability for practical applications. Future research directions highlighted include developing hierarchical nanostructures, exploring green synthesis approaches and integrating Bi₂MoO₆ into multifunctional sensing platforms.

The review reveals that Bi₂MoO₆-based sensors exhibit exceptional performance characteristics, particularly when modified with conductive materials or formed into heterojunctions. The sensors demonstrate remarkable detection capabilities across various analytes, with detection limits ranging from femtomolar to nanomolar levels. The incorporation of oxygen vacancies and surface modifications significantly enhances sensor sensitivity and stability, while composite formation with materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes effectively addresses conductivity limitations.

This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the relationship between material properties and sensing performance, offering guidance for future sensor design. The review uniquely highlights the synergistic effects of different modification strategies and presents a critical assessment of current limitations and potential solutions, serving as a valuable reference for researchers in materials science and sensor development.