... artifacts Deep learning Machine learning Foundation models Athlete monitoring AI = Artificial Intelligence; ANN = Artificial Neural Network; BCG = Ballistocardiography; BP = Blood Pressure; CNN = Convolutional Neural Network; CVD = Cardiovascular...

.... Originality/value This review uniquely bridges material science, wearable electronics, data science and ethics to present an interdisciplinary roadmap for next-generation athlete monitoring. This study introduces the concept of “Human Digital Twins” and outlines the convergence of multimodal sensor fusion...