..., fabricated and tested for their input–output characteristics and the results are compared. Findings The fabricated sensors are calibrated for 25 cycles of ascending and descending pressure in steps of 0.1 bar. Various static characteristics like nonlinearity, hysteresis and % error are estimated for both...

... sensors are highlighted. The problems considered include sensitivity, drift, cleaning, disposability, reference systems, chip structural designs, packaging, light, temperature, hysteresis and body effects, and instability of biosensors. Available solutions are prescribed, discussing both direct...