... Microsurgery Intelligent sensors Analytical calculations based on the theory of classical elasticity (Young and Budynas, 1989) and finite element analysis (FEA) using the commercial software package ANSYS, have been carried out for the design of these sensors. The motivation for this is to quantify...

... Modelling Endoscopic instruments Microsurgery Force measurement Until a few years back, the concept of minimal invasiveness was not among the most commonly used terminology in medicine and engineering (Brouwer et al., 2001 , Dargahi, 2001). With the rapid advances in medical technology...

...Xiaojing Zhang This paper presents a micrograting‐based force sensor integrated with a surface micromachined silicon‐nitride probe suitable for characterizing microsurgery force on a single cell or embryo. The probe is supported by springs of a known spring constant, and the surgical penetration...