... the potential to handle nonlinearities, they are nonetheless limited by processing power and model generalization skills in portable systems. Heating/cooling rates, temperature consistency and system energy efficiency are all fundamentally supported by the thermal management framework. Originality/value...

... demonstrates superior thermal management, lowering temperature rise by 27.4% compared to a single-gap structure under high load. Under an external interference field of 10 Oe, the dual-gap sensor achieves an output voltage error of 0.014%, outperforming the single-gap design (0.017%). The sensor maintains...