... be contacted at: tomharrisonjw@gmail.com 07 10 2023 13 10 2023 13 10 2023 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Therapeutic communities History Enabling environments Mutual support Quakers York retreat The history...

... attempts to use TC methods in inpatient wards, across hospitals, and more recently in the criminal justice system and more widely through the enabling environments initiative. Findings It is unclear whether TC milieu treatments proved helpful in acute ward environments in their heyday in the 1950s...