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By December 1, 2024, opposition to ESG policies in the USA had intensified, with 165 anti-ESG bills introduced across 37 states and 22 passed in diluted forms. This backlash created reputational, financial and political risks for firms committed to sustainability. Goldman Sachs Chief Executive Officer (CEO) David Solomon and his leadership team faced a pivotal decision: whether to remain in the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA). Acknowledging the complexity, they aimed to adopt a data-driven approach and design a structured decision-making checklist to evaluate potential impacts on profitability, stakeholder alignment, regulatory exposure and long-term environmental commitments.
Through this case discussion, students...
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