A taxonomy of aircraft ground handling modes

An essential part of the validation process of flight simulators has been the comparison of the simulator and aeroplane flight modes of motion for set manoeuvres. A simulator‐to‐flight match is essential for the full range of manoeuvres, both in‐flight and on‐the‐ground, if the simulator is to be used for all usual and unusual scenarios. This is particularly true in ground level manoeuvres where data are not available and pilots need to be trained for situations that are too dangerous to practise in real aircraft and too important to neglect. Aircraft in‐flight modes are used to verify simulator behaviour. However, ground‐contact – an important part of pilot training – modes are not used to verify fidelity. A full systems approach is discussed and a taxonomy of in‐flight and ground‐contact modes provided for the full range of operations, from brakes‐off through taxiing, take‐off, landing and parking. The full taxonomy of modes is needed to ensure that the dynamic behaviour of the simulator is realistic for all in‐flight and ground‐contact scenarios and thereby ensure that the training is realistic for the full range of conventional and dangerous manoeuvres.