... Educational inequality Digital divide China education reform Classroom-level impact Technology integration Structural equation modeling Difference-in-differences Over the past decade, China has embarked on one of the world's most ambitious education modernization agendas, integrating artificial...

.... Education 4.0 Digital transformation Innovative pedagogy Technology integration Teacher development Education policy Education 4.0 represents a transformative paradigm that integrates advanced digital technologies to reshape teaching and learning processes globally. This approach prioritizes...

... limitations/implications The paper includes implications for the development of Computer Assisted Language Learning, the development of technology integrated courses, and for managing the balance between physical and online classes. Practical implications The findings of the study have implications...