Some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces

Okeke, Godwin Amechi; Francis, Daniel

doi:10.1108/AJMS-02-2021-0037

Purpose

This paper aims to prove some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces. The results of this paper generalize and extend several known results to modular G-metric spaces, including the results of Mutlu et al. [1]. Furthermore, the authors produce an example to demonstrate the applicability of the results.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of this paper are theoretical and analytical in nature.

Findings

The authors established some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces. The results generalize and extend several known results to modular G-metric spaces, including the results of Mutlu et al. [1]. An example was constructed to demonstrate the applicability of the results.

Research limitations/implications

Analytical and theoretical results.

Practical implications

The results of this paper can be applied in science and engineering.

Social implications

The results of this paper is applicable in certain social sciences.

Originality/value

The results of this paper are new and will open up new areas of research in mathematical sciences.

1. Introduction

In search for the generalization of classical metric spaces, in 1966, Gahler [2], introduced the concept of 2-metric spaces and proved that its results exists. Dhage [3] extend the work in [2] in which D-metric spaces were introduced. These authors claimed that their results generalized the concept of metric spaces.

In 2003, Mustafa and Sims [4] claimed that the fundamental topological properties of D-metric spaces introduced by Dhage [3] were incorrect. To ameliorate the drawbacks about D-metric spaces, Mustafa and Sims [5] introduced a generalization of metric spaces, which they called G-metric spaces and proved some fixed-point theorems, and in [6], Mustafa et al. proved some fixed-point results on complete G-metric spaces.

Modular theories on linear spaces were given by Nakano in his two monographs [7, 8], where he developed a spectral theory in semiordered linear spaces (vector lattices) and established the integral representation for projections acting in this modular spaces. Nakano [7] established some modulars on real linear spaces, which are convex functionals. Nonconvex modulars and the corresponding modular linear spaces were constructed by Musielak and Orlicz [9]. Orlicz spaces and modular linear spaces have already become classical tools in modern nonlinear functional analysis.

In 2010, a remarkable work of Chistyakov [10] introduced an aspect of metric spaces called modular metric spaces or parameterized metric spaces with the time parameter λ (say), and his purpose was to define the notion of a modular on an arbitrary set and developed the theory of metric spaces generated by modulars, called modular metric spaces and, on the basis of it, defined new metric spaces of (multi-valued) functions of bounded generalized variation of a real variable with values in metric semigroups and abstract convex cones.

In the same year, Chistyakov [11], as an application, presented an exhausting description of Lipschitz continuous and some other classes of superposition (Nemytskii) operators, acting in these modular metric spaces. Chistyakov developed the theory of metric spaces generated by modulars and extended the results given by Nakano [7], Musielak and Orlicz [9] and Musielak [12] to modular metric spaces. Modular spaces are extensions of Lebesgue, Riesz and Orlicz spaces of integrable functions.

The development of theory of metric spaces generated by modulars, called modular metric spaces attracted many research mathematicians still investigating fixed-point results in this area, including Chistyakov himself. Chistyakov [13] also established some fixed-point theorems for contractive maps in modular spaces. It is related to contracting, rather generalized average velocities than metric distances, and the successive approximations of fixed points converge to the fixed points in a weaker sense as compared to the metric convergence in [13] and other fixed-point results in modular metric spaces can be found in [1, 14]. Considering applicability, these fixed-point results are applied in finding the fixed-point solution of nonlinear integral equations see [14–16] and references therein, while [17] deals with application to partial differential equation in modular metric spaces. Interested readers may see [16, 18–21] and the references therein for further studies in modular function spaces.

In 2013, Azadifar et al. [22] introduced the concept of modular G-metric space and obtained some fixed-point theorems of contractive mappings defined on modular G-metric spaces. Our intention in this paper is to extend the fixed-point theorem of Mutlu et al. [1] from the setting of modular metric spaces to modular G-metric spaces. Our results extend and generalize several known results in the literature. For results in non-unique fixed-point theorems in modular metric spaces, readers should also see Hussain [23] and references therein.

Zhao [24] 2019 applied the exponential dichotomy, and Tikhonov and Banach fixed-point theorems are used to study the existence and uniqueness of pseudo almost periodic solutions of a class of iterative functional differential equations of the form $x^{'} (t) = \sum_{n = 1}^{k} \sum_{l = 1}^{\infty} C_{l, n} (t) {(x^{[n]} (t))}^{l} + G (t)$ ⁠, where x^[n](t) is the nth iterate of x(t).

Recently, Combettes and Glaudin [25] constructed iteratively, a common fixed-point of nonexpansive operators by activating only a block of operators at each iteration. In the more challenging class of composite fixed-point problems involving operators that do not share common fixed points, current methods require the activation of all the operators at each iteration, and the question of maintaining convergence while updating only blocks of operators is open. They propose a method that achieves this goal and analyzed its asymptotic behavior. Weak, strong and linear convergence results are established by exploiting a connection with the theory of concentrating arrays. Applications to several nonlinear and nonsmooth analysis problems are presented, ranging from monotone inclusions and inconsistent feasibility problems to variational inequalities and minimization problems arising in data science.

2. Preliminaries

Definition 2.1.

[22] Let X be a nonempty set, and let ω^G : (0, ∞) × X × X × X → [0, ∞] be a function satisfying;

(1)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) = 0$ for all x, y, z ∈ X and λ > 0 if x = y = z,
(2)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, y) > 0$ for all x, y ∈ X and λ > 0 with x ≠ y,
(3)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, y) \leq ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z)$ for all x, y, z ∈ X and λ > 0 with z ≠ y,
(4)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) = ω_{λ}^{G} (x, z, y) = ω_{λ}^{G} (y, z, x) = \dots$ for all λ > 0 (symmetry in all three variables),
(5)
$ω_{λ + μ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq ω_{λ}^{G} (x, a, a) + ω_{μ}^{G} (a, y, z)$ , for all x, y, z, a ∈ X and λ, ν > 0,

then the function

ω_{λ}^{G}

is called a modular G-metric onX.

Remarks 2.1.

(a)The pair (X, ω^G) is called a modular G-metric space, and without any confusion, we will take $X_{ω^{G}}$ as a modular G-metric space. From condition (5) above, if ω^G is convex, then we have a strong form as,

(b) $ω_{λ + μ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{λ + μ}}^{G} (x, a, a) + ω_{\frac{μ}{λ + μ}}^{G} (a, y, z)$ ,

(c)If x = a, then (5) above becomes $ω_{λ + μ}^{G} (a, y, z) \leq ω_{μ}^{G} (a, y, z)$ and

(d)Condition (5) is called rectangle inequality.

Definition 2.2.

[22] Let (X, ω^G) be a modular G-metric space. The sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ in X is modular G-convergent to x, if it converges to x in the topology $τ (ω_{λ}^{G})$ .

A function $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ at $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ is called modular G-continuous if $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x, x) \to 0$ then $ω_{λ}^{G} (T x_{n}, T x, T x) \to 0$ , for all λ > 0.

Remark 2.1.

The sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is modular G-converges to x as n → ∞, if $\lim_{n \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x) = 0$ . That is for all ϵ > 0 there exists $n_{0} \in N$ such that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x) < ϵ$ for all n, m ≥ n₀. Here we say that x is modular G-limit of ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ .

Definition 2.3.

[22] Let (X, ω^G) be a modular G-metric space, then ${x_{n}}_{n \in N} \subseteq X_{ω^{G}}$ is said to be modular G-Cauchy if for every ϵ > 0, there exists $n_{ϵ} \in N$ such that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) < ϵ$ for all n, m, l ≥ n_ϵ and λ > 0.

A modular G-metric space $X_{ω^{G}}$ is said to be modular G-complete if every modular G-Cauchy sequence in $X_{ω^{G}}$ is modular G-convergent in $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠.

Proposition 2.1.

[22] Let (X, ω^G) be a modular G-metric space, for any x, y, z, a ∈ X, it follows that

(1)
If $ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) = 0$ for all λ > 0, then x = y = z.
(2)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, x, y) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, x, z)$ for all λ > 0.
(3)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, y) \leq 2 ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, x, y)$ for all λ > 0.
(4)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, a, z) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (a, y, z)$ for all λ > 0.
(5)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq \frac{2}{3} (ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, y, a) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, a, z) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (a, y, z))$ for all λ > 0.
(6)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, z) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x, a, a) + ω_{\frac{λ}{4}}^{G} (y, a, a) + ω_{\frac{λ}{4}}^{G} (z, a, a)$ for all λ > 0.

Proposition 2.2.

[22] Let (X, ω^G) be a modular G-metric space and ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ be a sequence in $X_{ω^{G}}$ . Then the following are equivalent:

(1)
${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is ω^G-convergent to x,
(2)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x) \to 0$ as n → ∞, i.e. ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ converges to x relative to modular metric $ω_{λ}^{G} (.)$ ,
(3)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n}, x) \to 0$ as n → ∞ for all λ > 0,
(4)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x, x) \to 0$ as n → ∞ for all λ > 0 and
(5)
$ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{m}, x_{n}, x) \to 0$ as m, n → ∞ for all λ > 0.

The following construction was motivated by conditions (3) and (4) of Proposition 2.2 above and [1].

Let ω^G : (0, ∞) × X × X × X → [0, ∞] be a modular G-metric on X, $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a modular G-metric space, $B \subseteq X_{ω^{G}}$ and $κ : B \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a function on B. κ is called lower semicontinuous on B if $\lim_{n \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x_{n}, x_{n}) = 0 \Rightarrow κ (x) \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf κ (x_{n})$ ⁠, or $\lim_{n \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, x_{n}) = 0 \Rightarrow κ (x) \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf κ (x_{n})$ for all λ > 0 and ${x_{n}}_{n \geq 1} \subseteq B$ ⁠. B is closed, if the limit of a modular G-convergent sequence in B always belongs to B. Also B is modular G-bounded, if $δ_{ω^{G}} (B) = \sup {ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, y) : x, y \in B, \forall λ > 0}$ is finite.

3. Main results

We begin this section with the following results, which extends the results of Mutlu et al. [1] from the setting of modular metric spaces to modular G-metric spaces.

Theorem 3.1.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a complete modular G-metric space, $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ and $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ be a self-map such that

κ (T x) + ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T x, T x) \leq κ (x)

(3.1)

for all

x \in X_{ω^{G}}

andλ > 0. ThenThas a fixed point in

X_{ω^{G}}

.

Proof.

For any $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠, let $F (x) = {y \in X_{ω^{G}} : ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, y) \leq κ (x) - κ (y), \forall λ > 0}$ and η(x) = inf{κ(y) : y ∈ F(x)}. Since x ∈ F(x), therefore, F(x) ≠ Ø and 0 ≤ η(x) ≤ κ(x). Let $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ be an arbitrary point. Now, we construct a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \geq 1}$ in $X_{ω^{G}}$ as follows. Let x = x₁ and when x₁, x₂, …, x_n have been chosen, choose x_n+1 ∈ F(x) such that $κ (x_{n + 1}) \leq η (x_{n}) + \frac{1}{2^{n}}$ for all $n \in N$ ⁠. By the process above, we get a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \geq 1}$ satisfying the conditions.

ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (x_{n + 1}), η (x_{n}) \leq κ (x_{n + 1}) \leq η (x_{n}) + \frac{1}{2^{n}}

(3.2)

for all

n \in N

and λ > 0. Then

{κ (x_{n})}_{n \geq 1}

is a nonincreasing sequence in

R

, and it is bounded blow by zero. So, the sequence

{κ (x_{n})}_{n \geq 1}

is convergent to a real number M ≥ 0 (say). By inequality , we get

M = \lim_{n \to \infty} κ (x_{n}) = \lim_{n \to \infty} η (x_{n})

(3.3)

Now, let $k \in N$ be arbitrary, from inequalities (3.2) and (3.3), there exits at least a positive number N_k such that $κ (x_{n}) < M + \frac{1}{2^{k}}$ for all n ≥ N_k. Since κ(x_n) is monotone, we get $M \leq κ (x_{m}) \leq κ (x_{n}) < M + \frac{1}{2^{k}}$ for m ≥ n ≥ N_k. It follows that

κ (x_{n}) - κ (x_{m}) < \frac{1}{2^{k}} f o r a l l m \geq n \geq N_{k} .

(3.4)

Without loss of generality, suppose that m > n and $m, n \in N$ ⁠. From inequality (3.2), we get

ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (x_{n + 1}), f o r \frac{λ}{m - n} \geq \frac{λ}{n} > 0 .

(3.5)

Suppose that $m, n \in N$ and $m > n \in N$ ⁠. Applying rectangle inequality repeatedly, i.e. condition (5) of Definition (2.1) we have

\begin{array}{l} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 2}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 3}) \\ + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 4}, x_{n + 4}) + \dots + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{m - 1}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 2}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 3}) \\ + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 4}, x_{n + 4}) + \dots + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{m - 1}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (x_{n + 1}) + κ (x_{n + 1}) - κ (x_{n + 2}) + \dots + κ (x_{m - 1}) - κ (x_{m}) \\ = κ (x_{n}) - κ (x_{m}) \end{array}

(3.6)

for all m > n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠. Then by inequality , we have

ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) < \frac{1}{2^{k}},

(3.7)

for all m, l, n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠, so that by condition (2) of proposition (2.1), we have

ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}),

(3.8)

so that

\begin{align} \lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ < \frac{1}{2^{k}} + \frac{1}{2^{k}} \\ = \frac{2}{2^{k}} = 2^{1 - k} . \end{align}

(3.9)

Thus, as k → ∞, we have

\lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) = 0 .

(3.10)

Therefore, we can say straightaway that ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is modular G-Cauchy sequence. The completeness of (X_ω, ω^G) implies that for any λ > 0, $\lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, u) = 0$ ⁠, i.e. for any ϵ > 0, there exists $n_{0} \in N$ such that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, u) < ϵ$ for all $n, m \in N$ and n, m ≥ n₀, which implies that $\lim_{n \to \infty} x_{n} \to u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ as n → ∞. But $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ is a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠, using inequality (3.6), we get

\begin{align} κ (u) \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (x_{m})) \\ \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (x_{n}) - ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m})) \\ = κ (x_{n}) - ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) \end{align}

(3.11)

Thus, we have that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (u)$ ⁠. So that u ∈ F(x_n) for all $n \in N$ and hence η(x_n) ≤ κ(u). Then by inequality (3.3), we get M ≤ κ(u). Moreover, by lower semicontinuity of κ and inequality (3.3), we have $κ (u) \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf (κ (x_{n}) = M$ ⁠. So κ(u) = M. From inequality (3.1), we know that Tu ∈ F(u), such u ∈ F(u). For $n \in N$ ⁠, we have

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, T u, T u) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \\ \leq ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) + ω_{λ}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \\ \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (u) + κ (u) - κ (T u) \\ = κ (x_{n}) - κ (T u) . \end{align}

(3.12)

Thus, Tu ∈ F(x_n), and this implies that η(x_n) ≤ κ(Tu). Hence, we obtain M ≤ κ(Tu). From inequality (3.1), we get κ(Tu) ≤ κ(u). As κ(u) = M, we have κ(u) = M ≤ κ(Tu) ≤ κ(u). Therefore, κ(Tu) = κ(u). Then from inequality (3.1), we get $ω_{λ}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \leq κ (u) - κ (T u) = κ (u) - κ (u) = 0$ ⁠. Thus, Tu = u. Therefore, T has a fixed point in $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠. □

Remark 3.1.

Suppose that ω^G is a modular G-metric on X, $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a complete modular G-metric space, $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ and $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ be a self-map. To get inequality (3.1) of Theorem 3.1 in Mutlu et al. [1], we invoke the definition of modular G metric space as follows for any λ > 0, define $ω_{λ} (x, y, z) = \frac{1}{2 λ} \{|x - y| + |y - z| + |x - z|\}$ ⁠. Take y = Tx and z = Tx, then inequality (3.1) transform into

ω_{λ} (x, T x) \leq κ (x) - κ (T x)

(3.13)

for allx ∈ X_ωandλ > 0. ThenThas a fixed point inX_ω, which is clearly the result in Mutlu et al. [1].

Theorem 3.2.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a complete modular G-metric space, $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ and $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ be a self-map such that for some positive integer, m ≥ 1,

ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T^{m} x, T^{m} x) \leq κ (x) - κ (T^{m} x)

(3.14)

for all

x \in X_{ω^{G}}

andλ > 0. ThenThas a fixed point in

X_{ω^{G}}

for some positive integerm ≥ 1.

Proof.

By Theorem 3.1, T^m has a fixed point say $u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ for some positive integer m ≥ 1, by using inequality (3.14) for some positive integer m ≥ 1. Now T^m(Tu) = T^m+1u = T(T^mu) = Tu, so Tu is a fixed point of T^m. Hence, we have Tu = u. Therefore, u is a fixed point of T because fixed point of T is also fixed point of T^m for some positive integer m ≥ 1. □

Next, we produce the following example to demonstrate the applicability of our results.

Example 3.1.

Let $X_{ω^{G}} = R$ and we define the mapping $ω^{G} : (0, \infty) \times R \times R \times R \to [0, \infty]$ by $ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, y) = \frac{2}{λ} |x - y|$ for all $x, y \in R$ and λ > 0. So we can see that $(R, ω^{G})$ is a complete modular G-metric space and let us define $T : (R, ω^{G}) \to (R, ω^{G})$ by $T x = \frac{1}{x}$ for $x \in R^{+} \ {0}$ and $κ : (R, ω^{G}) \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ by $κ (x) = \frac{3}{2} |x|$ for which κ(x) defined above is lower semicontinuous. Now we verify the inequality (3.1) of Theorem 3.1 as follows; For $x \in R^{+} \ {0}$ and λ > 0, we have

\begin{array}{l} ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T x, T x) = ω_{λ}^{G} (x, \frac{1}{x}, \frac{1}{x}) \\ = \frac{1}{λ} \{|x - \frac{1}{x}| + |\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{x}| + |x - \frac{1}{x}|\} \\ = \frac{2}{λ} |x - \frac{1}{x}| \\ = \frac{2}{λ} |\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x}| = \frac{2}{λ} |\frac{(x - 1) (x + 1)}{x}| \\ = \frac{2}{λ} (\frac{|x - 1| |x + 1|}{|x|}) \\ \leq \frac{2}{λ} (\frac{|x - 1| |x + 1|}{|x + 1|}) \\ = \frac{2}{λ} |x - 1| \leq |x| . \end{array}

And

\begin{array}{l} κ (x) - κ (T x) = \frac{3}{2} |x| - \frac{3}{2} \frac{1}{|x|} \\ = \frac{3}{2} (|x| - \frac{1}{|x|}) \\ = \frac{3}{2} (\frac{{|x|}^{2} - 1}{|x|}) \\ = \frac{3}{2} (\frac{(|x| - 1) (|x| + 1)}{|x|}) \\ \leq \frac{3}{2} (\frac{(|x| - 1) (|x| + 1)}{|x| + 1}) \\ = \frac{3}{2} (|x| - 1) \\ \leq \frac{3}{2} |x| . \end{array}

Therefore,

ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T x, T x) \leq κ (x) - κ (T x)

for allλ > 0. Hence, the mappingThas a fixed point. The trivial fixed point of this map,Tis 1.

Remark 3.2.

As we can see clearly in this Example 3.1 that the map T has a trivial fixed point at 1.

Proposition 3.3.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, and $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a complete modular G-metric space, $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ , which is bounded from below, then there exists a point $u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ such that $κ (u) < κ (z) + ω_{λ}^{G} (u, z, z)$ for each $z \in X_{ω^{G}}, z \neq u$ and for all λ > 0.

Proof.

Following the proof of Theorem 3.1, we get a sequence ${z_{n}}_{n \geq 1}$ such that $z_{n} \to u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ as n → ∞. Now for any $u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠, define $F (u) = {z \in X_{ω^{G}} : ω_{λ}^{G} (u, z, z) \leq κ (u) - κ (z) \forall λ > 0}$ and η(u) = inf{κ(z) : z ∈ F(u)}. We will show that u ∉ F(u) as z ≠ u. Suppose, if possible, otherwise. Let v ∈ F(u) for some v ≠ u. Then we have that for all λ > 0, $0 < ω_{λ}^{G} (u, v, v) \leq κ (u) - κ (v)$ implies κ(v) < κ(u) = M, since

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (z_{n}, v, v) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (z_{n}, u, u) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (u, v, v) \\ \leq ω_{λ}^{G} (z_{n}, u, u) + ω_{λ}^{G} (u, v, v) \\ \leq κ (z_{n}) - κ (u) + κ (u) - κ (v) \\ = κ (z_{n}) - κ (v) . \end{align}

(3.15)

for all λ > 0, v ∈ F(z_n) for n ≥ 1. So η(z_n) ≤ κ(v) for all n ≥ 1. Therefore,

M = \lim_{n \to \infty} η (z_{n}) \leq κ (v)

⁠. Hence, M ≤ κ(v), which is a contradiction to the fact that κ(v) < κ(u) = M. Therefore, for each

z \in X_{ω^{G}}, z \neq u \Rightarrow z \notin F (u)

⁠, that is

z \neq u \Rightarrow ω_{λ}^{G} (u, z, z) > κ (u) - κ (z)

⁠. Hence,

κ (u) < κ (z) + ω_{λ}^{G} (u, z, z)

for each

z \in X_{ω^{G}}, z \neq u

and for all λ > 0. □

Proposition 3.4.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, and $X_{ω^{G}}$ be a complete modular G-metric space, $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ , which is bounded from below, then for every $y \in X_{ω^{G}}$ and γ > 0, there exists $x_{0} \in X_{ω^{G}}$ such that $κ (x_{0}) < κ (x) + γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, x_{0})$ on $X_{ω^{G}} \ {x_{0}}$ and $κ (x_{0}) \leq κ (y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{0}, y, y)$ , for all λ > 0.

Proof.

Define $X_{ω^{G}}^{γ} = {z \in X_{ω^{G}} : κ (z) \leq κ (y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, y, y), \forall λ > 0}$ ⁠. Then $X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}$ is a nonempty complete modular G-metric space and $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ , which is bounded from below. Let $F (x) = {z \in X_{ω^{G}}^{γ} : κ (x) \geq κ (z) + γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, x, x), \forall λ > 0}$ ⁠. Then for every $x \in X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}$ ⁠, F(x) ≠ Ø and closed. Also z ∈ F(x) implies F(z) ⊆ F(x). Choose $x_{1} \in X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}$ with κ(x₁) < ∞ and when x₁, x₂, …, x_n have been chosen, we can find x_n+1 ∈ F(x) such that $κ (x_{n + 1}) < \inf {κ (u) : u \in F (x_{n})} + \frac{1}{2^{n}}$ for n ≥ 1. For any z ∈ F(x_n+1) ⊆ F(x_n), we get that for all λ > 0,

\begin{align} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (z, x_{n}, x_{n}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \\ \leq γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, x_{n}, x_{n}) + γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \\ \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (z) + κ (x_{n + 1}) - κ (x_{n}) \\ = κ (x_{n + 1}) - κ (z) \\ \leq \inf {κ (u) : u \in F (x_{n})} - κ (z) + \frac{1}{2^{n}} \\ \leq \frac{1}{2^{n}} . \end{align}

(3.16)

So that

δ_{ω^{G}} (F (x_{n})) \to 0

as n → ∞, for all λ > 0. Since

X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}

be a complete modular G-metric space,

\cap_{n = 1}^{\infty} F (x_{n}) = {x_{0}}

⁠. Since the intersection is a singleton set, we proceed as follows. Now, x₀ ∈ F(x_n) implies that F(x₀) ⊆ F(x_n) for n ≥ 1, we get F(x₀) = {x₀}, so that for all λ > 0,

κ (x_{0}) < κ (x) + γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, x_{0})

on

X_{ω^{G}}^{γ} \ {x_{0}}

⁠. Again, the inequality

κ (x_{0}) < κ (x) + γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x, x, x_{0})

hold on

X_{ω^{G}} \ X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}

since for

z \notin X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}

⁠, for all λ > 0, we have

κ (y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, y, y) < κ (z)

and thus, together with the fact that

x_{0} \in X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}

⁠, we have

\begin{align} κ (x_{0}) \leq κ (y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{0}, y, y) \\ \leq κ (y) - γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (z, y, y) - γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{0}, z, z) \\ \leq κ (y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (z, y, y) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{0}, z, z) \\ < κ (z) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{0}, z, z) . \end{align}

(3.17)

We are now at home since for all λ > 0, $κ (x_{0}) < κ (z) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{0}, z, z)$ ⁠. □

Theorem 3.5.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, and $X_{ω^{G}}, Y_{ω^{G}}$ are complete modular G-metric spaces. Let $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ be an arbitrary self mapping. Suppose that there exists a closed mapping $L : X_{ω^{G}} \to Y_{ω^{G}}$ , and $κ : L (X_{ω^{G}}) \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ , which is bounded from below, and for every γ > 0, there exists $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ such that

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T x, T x) \leq κ (L x) - κ (L T x), \end{align}

(3.18)

\begin{align} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x, L T x, L T x) \leq κ (L x) - κ (L T x), \end{align}

(3.19)

for allλ > 0. Then,Thas a fixed point in

X_{ω^{G}}

⁠.

Proof.

For any $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠, put Tx = y and let $F (x) = {y \in X_{ω^{G}} : ω_{λ}^{G} (x, y, y) \leq κ (x) - κ (L y) a n d γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x, L y, L y) \leq κ (L x) - κ (L y) \forall λ > 0}$ and η(x) = inf{κ(Ly) : y ∈ F(x)}. Since x ∈ F(x), therefore, F(x) ≠ Ø and 0 ≤ η(x) ≤ κ(Lx). Let $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ be an arbitrary point. Now, we construct a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \geq 1}$ in $X_{ω^{G}}$ as follows. Let x = x₁ and when x₁, x₂, …, x_n have been chosen, choose x_n+1 ∈ F(x) such that $κ (L x_{n + 1}) \leq η (x_{n}) + \frac{1}{2^{n}}$ for all $n \in N$ ⁠. By the process above, we get a sequence ${x_{n}}_{n \geq 1}$ satisfying the conditions.

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), \end{align}

(3.20)

\begin{align} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), \end{align}

(3.21)

and

κ (L x_{n + 1}) - \frac{1}{2^{n}} \leq η (x_{n}) \leq κ (L x_{n + 1}),

(3.22)

for all

n \in N

and λ > 0. Then from inequalities, , ,

{κ (L x_{n})}_{n \geq 1}

is a nonincreasing sequence in

R

, and it is bounded blow by zero. So, the sequence

{κ (L x_{n})}_{n \geq 1}

is a modular G-convergent and converges to a real number β ≥ 0 (say). By inequality , we get

β = \lim_{n \to \infty} κ (L x_{n}) = \lim_{n \to \infty} η (x_{n})

(3.23)

Now, let $k \in N$ be arbitrary, from inequalities (3.20),(3.21) and (3.23), there exits at least a positive number N_k such that $κ (L x_{n}) < β + \frac{1}{2^{k}}$ for all n ≥ N_k. Since κ(Lx_n) is monotone for m ≥ n ≥ N_k, we get $β \leq κ (L x_{m}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) < β + \frac{1}{2^{k}}$ for m ≥ n ≥ N_k. It follows that

κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{m}) < \frac{1}{2^{k}} f o r a l l m \geq n \geq N_{k} .

(3.24)

Without loss of generality, suppose that m > n and $m, n \in N$ ⁠. From inequalities (3.20) and (3.21), we get

\begin{align} ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), \end{align}

(3.25)

\begin{align} ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), f o r \frac{λ}{m - n} > 0, \end{align}

(3.26)

or since

\frac{λ}{m - n} \geq \frac{λ}{n}

⁠, we have

\begin{align} ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), \end{align}

(3.27)

\begin{align} ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 1}) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}), f o r \frac{λ}{n} > 0 . \end{align}

(3.28)

Suppose that $m, n \in N$ and $m > n \in N$ ⁠. Using rectangle inequality repeatedly, i.e. condition 5 of Definition (2.1), we have

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 2}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 3}) \\ + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 4}, x_{n + 4}) + \dots + ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (x_{m - 1}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 1}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 1}, x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 2}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 2}, x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 3}) \\ + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{n + 3}, x_{n + 4}, x_{n + 4}) + \dots + ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (x_{m - 1}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}) + κ (L x_{n + 1}) - κ (L x_{n + 2}) + \dots + κ (L x_{m - 1}) - κ (L x_{m}) \\ = κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{m}), \end{align}

(3.29)

for all m > n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠. Then by inequality , we have

ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) < \frac{1}{2^{k}},

(3.30)

for all m, l, n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠, so that by condition (2) of proposition 2.1, we have

ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}),

(3.31)

so that

\begin{align} \lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{l}, x_{m}, x_{m}) \\ < \frac{1}{2^{k}} + \frac{1}{2^{k}} \\ = \frac{2}{2^{k}} = 2^{1 - k} . \end{align}

(3.32)

Thus, as k → ∞, we have

\lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{l}) = 0 .

(3.33)

Therefore, we can say straightaway that ${x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is modular G-Cauchy sequence in $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠. Again, using the same procedure, we get

\begin{align} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) \leq γ ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 1}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 2}, L x_{n + 2}) \\ + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 2}, L x_{n + 3}, L x_{n + 3}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 3}, L x_{n + 4}, L x_{n + 4}) \\ + \dots + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{m - n}}^{G} (L x_{m - 1}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) \\ \leq γ ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 1}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 1}, L x_{n + 2}, L x_{n + 2}) \\ + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 2}, L x_{n + 3}, L x_{n + 3}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{n + 3}, L x_{n + 4}, L x_{n + 4}) \\ + \dots + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{n}}^{G} (L x_{m - 1}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) \\ \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{n + 1}) + κ (L x_{n + 1}) - κ (L x_{n + 2}) \\ + \dots + κ (L x_{m - 1}) - κ (L x_{m}) \\ = κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L x_{m}), \end{align}

(3.34)

for all m > n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠. Then by inequality , we have

γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) < \frac{1}{2^{k}},

(3.35)

for all m, l, n ≥ N_k for some

N_{k} \in N

⁠, so that by condition (2) of proposition 2.1, we have

γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{l}) \leq γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) + γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (L x_{l}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}),

(3.36)

so that

\begin{align} \lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{l}) \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} γ ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (L x_{l}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) \\ \leq \lim_{n, m \to \infty} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) + \lim_{l, m \to \infty} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{l}, L x_{m}, L x_{m}) \\ < \frac{1}{2^{k}} + \frac{1}{2^{k}} \\ = \frac{2}{2^{k}} = 2^{1 - k} . \end{align}

(3.37)

Thus, as k → ∞, we have

\lim_{n, m, l \to \infty} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{l}) = 0 .

(3.38)

Therefore, we can say straightaway that ${L x_{n}}_{n \in N}$ is modular G-Cauchy sequence in $Y_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠. The completeness of (X_ω, ω^G) and (Y_ω, ω^G) implies that for any λ > 0, $\lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, u) = 0$ ⁠, i.e. for any ϵ > 0, there exists $n_{0} \in N$ such that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, u) < ϵ$ for all $n, m \in N$ and n, m ≥ n₀, which implies that $\lim_{n \to \infty} x_{n} \to u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ as n → ∞ and for any λ > 0, $\lim_{n, m \to \infty} ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, v) = 0$ ⁠, i.e. for any ϵ > 0, there exists $n_{0} \in N$ such that $ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, v) < ϵ$ for all $n, m \in N$ and n, m ≥ n₀, which implies that $\lim_{n \to \infty} L x_{n} \to v \in X_{ω^{G}}$ as n → ∞. The fact that L is closed mapping implies that Lu = v. But $κ : X_{ω^{G}} \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ is a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠, using inequality (3.29), we get

\begin{align} κ (v) = κ (L u) \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (L x_{m})) \\ \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (L x_{n}) - ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, x_{m}, x_{m})) \\ = κ (L x_{n}) - ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) \end{align}

(3.39)

Thus, we have that $ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L u)$ for all λ > 0. Again, using inequality, (3.34), we have

\begin{align} κ (v) = κ (L u) \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (L x_{m})) \\ \leq \lim_{m \to \infty} \inf (κ (L x_{n}) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, L x_{m}, L x_{m})) \\ = κ (L x_{n}) - γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, u, u) \end{align}

(3.40)

Thus, we have that $γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L x_{n}, u, u) \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L u)$ for all λ > 0. So that u ∈ F(x_n) for all $n \in N$ , and hence, η(x_n) ≤ κ(Lu). So by inequality (3.23), we get β ≤ κ(Lu). Meanwhile, by lower semicontinuity of κ and inequality (3.23), we have $κ (v) = κ (L u) \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf (κ (x_{n}) = β$ ⁠. Therefore, κ(Lu) = β. By Proposition 3.3, we have that x ≠ u ⇒ x ∉ F(u) and Proposition 3.4 for $y \notin X_{ω^{G}}^{γ}$ ⁠. From inequalities (3.18), (3.19), we know that LTu ∈ F(u), such u ∈ F(u). For $n \in N$ ⁠, we have

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, T u, T u) \leq ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) + ω_{\frac{λ}{2}}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \\ \leq ω_{λ}^{G} (x_{n}, u, u) + ω_{λ}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \\ \leq κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L u) + κ (L u) - κ (L T u) \\ = κ (L x_{n}) - κ (L T u) . \end{align}

(3.41)

Thus, LTu ∈ F(x_n), and this implies that η(Lx_n) ≤ κ(LTu). Hence, we obtain β ≤ κ(LTu). From inequalities (3.18), (3.19), we get κ(LTu) ≤ κ(Lu). As κ(Lu) = β, we have κ(Lu) = β ≤ κ(LTu) ≤ κ(Lu). Therefore, κ(LTu) = κ(Lu). Then from inequality (3.18) and (3.19), we get $ω_{λ}^{G} (u, T u, T u) \leq κ (L u) - κ (L T u) = κ (L u) - κ (L u) = 0$ ⁠. Thus, Tu = u. Therefore, T has a fixed point in $X_{ω^{G}}$ ⁠. □

Theorem 3.6.

Let ω^G be a modular G-metric on X, and $X_{ω^{G}}, Y_{ω^{G}}$ are complete modular G-metric spaces. Let $T : X_{ω^{G}} \to X_{ω^{G}}$ be an arbitrary self-mapping for some positive integer m ≥ 1. Suppose that there exists a closed mapping $L : X_{ω^{G}} \to Y_{ω^{G}}$ for each integer m ≥ 1, and $κ : L (X_{ω^{G}}) \to R^{+} \cup {\infty}$ be a lower semicontinuous function on $X_{ω^{G}}$ , which is bounded from below, and for every γ > 0, there exists $x \in X_{ω^{G}}$ such that

\begin{align} ω_{λ}^{G} (x, T^{m} x, T^{m} x) \leq κ (L^{m} x) - κ (L^{m} T^{m} x), \end{align}

(3.42)

\begin{align} γ ω_{λ}^{G} (L^{m} x, L^{m} T^{m} x, L^{m} T^{m} x) \leq κ (L^{m} x) - κ (L^{m} T^{m} x), \end{align}

(3.43)

for allλ > 0. Then,Thas a fixed point in

X_{ω^{G}}

for some positive integerm ≥ 1.

Proof.

By Theorem 3.5, T^m has a fixed point say $u \in X_{ω^{G}}$ for some positive integer m ≥ 1, by using inequalities (3.42) and (3.43) for some positive integer m ≥ 1. Now T^m(Tu) = T^m+1u = T(T^mu) = Tu, so Tu is a fixed point of T^m. Thus, we have Tu = u. Therefore, u is a fixed point of T. because fixed point of T is also fixed point of T^m for some positive integer m ≥ 1. □

Remark 3.3.

The results of Theorem 3.6 improve and generalize several known results in the literature, including the results of Mutlu et al. [1].

4 . Conclusion and future work

All fixed-point results obtained in this paper do not require the uniqueness of the fixed point of mappings under consideration. As a future direction of study, it will be of interest to prove some new fixed-point results for the nonunique fixed-point theorems established in this paper. More precisely, geometric properties of the set Fix(T) can be investigated as a future problem for a self-mapping T on a modular G-metric space in the case of nonunique fixed point.

The authors wish to thank the editor and the referees for their useful comments and suggestions.

Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper.

Data availability: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

References

1.

Mutlu

A

,

Ozkan

K

,

Gurdal

U

.

A new fixed point theorem in modular metric spaces

.

Int J Anal Appl

.

2018

;

4

:

472

-

83

.

Google Scholar

2.

Gahler

S

.

2-metrische Raume und ihre topologische struktur

.

Math Nacher

.

1966

;

26

:

665

-

67

.

Google Scholar

3.

Dhage

BC

.

Generalized metric space and mapping with fixed point

.

Bull Cal Math Soc

.

1992

;

84

:

329

-

36

.

Google Scholar

4.

Mustafa

Z

,

Sims

B

.

Some remarks concerning D-metric spaces

.

Proceeding of the International Conference on Fixed Point Theory and Applications

,

Valencia (Spain)

,

July

,

2003

:

198

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

5.

Mustafa

Z

,

Sims

B

.

A new approach to generalized metric spaces

.

J Nonlinear Convex Anal

.

2006

;

7

(

2

):

289

-

97

.

Google Scholar

6.

Mustafa

Z

,

Khandagji

M

,

Shatanawi

W

.

Fixed point results on complete G-metric spaces

.

Stud Sci Math Hung

.

2011

;

48

(

3

):

304

-

19

.

Google Scholar

7.

Nakano

H

.

Modulared semi-ordered linear spaces

.

Tokyo

:

Maruzen

;

1950

;

1

.

Google Scholar

8.

Nakano

H

.

Topology of linear topological spaces

.

Tokyo

:

Maruzen

;

1951

;

3

.

Google Scholar

9.

Orlicz

W

.

Collected papers

.

Warszawa

:

PWN

;

1988

,

I, II

.

Google Scholar

10.

Chistyakov

VV

.

Metric modular spaces, I basic concepts

.

Nonlinear Anal Theor Meth Appl

.

2010

;

72

:

1

-

14

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

11.

Chistyakov

VV

.

Metric modular spaces, II Applications to superposition operators

.

Nonlinear Anal Theor Meth Appl

.

2010

;

72

:

15

-

30

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

12.

Musielak

J

,

Orlicz spaces and modular spaces

,

Lecture Notes in Math. Vol. 1034

,

Berlin

:

Springer-Verlag

,

1983

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

13.

Chistyakov

VV

.

Modular contractions and their application

,

In: Goldengorin B., Kalyagin V., Pardalos P, (Eds).

Models, Algorithms, and Technologies for Network Analysis

.

Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

.

2013

;

32

:

65

-

92

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

14.

Rhoades

BE

.

Two fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying a general contractive condition of integral-type

.

Int J Math Sci.

2003

;

63

:

4007

-

13

.

Google Scholar

15.

Liu

Z

,

Li

X

,

Kang

SM

,

Cho

YJ

.

Fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying contractive conditions of integral-type and applications

,

Fixed Point Theor Appl

.

2011

;

64

:

1687

-

812

.

Google Scholar

16.

Okeke

GA

,

Francis

D

.

Fixed point theorems for Geraghty-type mappings applied to solving nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations in modular G-metric spaces

.

Arab J Math Sci.

2021

. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1108/AJMS-10-2020-0098

.

Google Scholar

17.

Chaipunya

P

,

Cho

YJ

,

Kumam

P

.

Geraghty-type theorems in modular metric spaces with application to partial differential equation

.

Adv Diff Eqn

.

2012

;

83

:

1687

-

847

.

Google Scholar

18.

Okeke

GA

,

Bishop

SA

,

Khan

SH

.

Iterative approximation of fixed point of multivalued ρ-quasi-nonexpansive mappings in modular function spaces with applications

.

J Funct Spa

.

2018

. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1785702

, 1785702:

9

.

Google Scholar

19.

Okeke

GA

,

Kim

JK

.

Approximation of common fixed point of three multi-valued ρ-quasi-nonexpansive mappings in modular function spaces

.

Nonlinear Func Anal Appl.

2019

;

24

4

:

651

-

64

.

Google Scholar

20.

Okeke

GA

,

Khan

SH

.

Approximation of fixed point of multivalued ρ-quasi-contractive mappings in modular function spaces

.

Arab J Math Sci.

2020

;

26

(

1/2

):

75

-

93

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

21.

Okeke

GA

,

Francis

D

,

de la Sen

M

.

Some fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying rational inequality in modular metric spaces with applications

.

Heliyon.

2020

;

6

:

e04785

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

PubMed

22.

Azadifar

B

,

Maramaei

M

,

Sadeghi

G

.

On the modular G-metric spaces and fixed point theorems

.

J Nonlinear Sci Appl

.

2013

;

6

:

293

-

304

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

23.

Hussain

S

.

Non-Unique fixed point theorems in modular metric spaces

.

Symmetry

.

2019

;

11

(

4

):

549

. doi:

https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11040549

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

24.

Zhao

HY

.

Pseudo almost periodic solutions for a class of differential equation with delays depending on state

.

Adv Nonlinear Anal.

2020

;

9

(

1

):

1251

-

58

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

25.

Combettes

P

,

Glaudin

L

.

Solving composite fixed point problems with block updates

.

Adv Nonlinear Anal

.

2021

;

10

(

1

):

1154

-

77

.

Google Scholar

Crossref

Some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Main results

4 . Conclusion and future work

References

Further reading

Email Alerts

Cited By

Some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces Open Access

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Main results

4 . Conclusion and future work

References

Further reading

Email Alerts

Suggested Reading

Recommended for you

Cited By

Sharing Unavailable

Some fixed-point theorems for a general class of mappings in modular G-metric spaces