Nehari manifold approach to singular fourth-order Leray–Lions equations with no-flux boundary conditions

Chamlal, Ibrahim; Barghouthe, Mohammed; Talbi, Mohamed; Tsouli, Najib

doi:10.1108/AJMS-11-2024-0177

Purpose

In this paper, we study a fourth-order singular problems of type Leray–Lions with singular weight and with no-flux boundary conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

We use the Nehari manifold to establish our result for our problem.

Findings

We prove that there exist at least two nontrivial positive weak solutions.

Originality/value

In particular, it investigates the problem in the presence of singular weights and variable exponents, a case that has not been extensively studied in the existing literature.

1. Introduction

In this article, we study the following problem.

(P V) \{\begin{matrix} Δ (a (x, Δ u)) + b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x) - 2} u}{| x |^{p (x)}} = \frac{| u |^{q (x) - 2} u}{| x |^{α (x)}} + λ \frac{| u |^{- 1 - s (x)} u}{| x |^{β (x)}} in Ω, \\ u = c o n s t a n t, Δ u = 0, on \partial Ω, \\ \int_{\partial Ω} \frac{\partial}{\partial n} a (x, Δ u) d s = 0, \end{matrix}

where $Ω \subset R^{N} (N > 2)$ is a bounded domain containing the origin with sufficiently smooth boundary and Δ(a(x, Δu)) is the fourth-order Leray–Lions operator, $b (.) \in C (\bar{Ω})$ is a positive weight function and λ is a real parameter. The variable exponents $p (.), q (.), r (.), α (.), β (.) \in C_{+} (\bar{Ω}) = \{h \in C (\bar{Ω}) and h (x) > 1 on \bar{Ω}\}$ ⁠.

The Leray–Lions-type operator is a more quiet general in the fourth-order, we can take for example a(x, t) = h(x)|t|^p(x)−2t, when h(x) = 1 and t = Δu the above operator turns into the operator $Δ_{p (\cdot)}^{2} u$ (the p(x) − biharmonic operator), for mor details about Leray–Lions type operators one can see Refs. [1–4].

It should be noted that this type of problem is very active in several domains, such electrorheological fluids [5], elastic materials [6] and stationary thermo-rheological viscous flows [7].

In the last few years, various authors have studied this kind of problem; in the case of exponents constant, one can see Refs. [8, 9]. In 2020, Mokhtar, M. E. [10] studied the existence of solution by using variational approaches and utilizing the Pohozaev identity to show the nonexistence of solution for the following p-Laplace singular problem

(P_{D}) \{\begin{matrix} - Δ_{p}^{2} = | u |^{q - 1} u + λ \frac{| u |^{- 1 - s}}{| x |^{β}} in Ω, \\ u = \frac{\partial u}{\partial n} = 0 on \partial Ω, \end{matrix}

Moreover, many authors have studied problems similar to our problem; in the case of variable exponents, see for example [11–15]. In 2023, Repovš, D. D. and Saoudi, K. [16]. studied this p(x)-Laplace singular problem

(P_{N}) \{\begin{matrix} Δ_{p (x)} u = a (x) | u |^{q (x) - 2} u + λ b (x) | u |^{- s (x)} in Ω, \\ u > 0 in Ω, \\ u = 0 on \partial Ω, \end{matrix}

They used the Nehari manifold technique to demonstrate their results for the problem (P_N).

We start by giving the assumptions that we will consider for our problem.

(H₁) $0 < s^{-} < s^{+} < 1 < 2 < p^{-} < p^{+} < q^{-} \leq q (x) < \frac{N - α (x)}{N} p_{2}^{⋆} (x)$ ⁠.
where $h^{-} ≔ \min_{x \in \bar{Ω}} h (x), h^{+} ≔ \max_{x \in \bar{Ω}} h (x)$ and $p_{2}^{⋆} (x) = \frac{N p (x)}{N - p (x)}$ ⁠, for all $x \in \bar{Ω}$ ⁠.
(H₂) Ns(x) < β(x) < N.
(b) b ∈ L^∞(Ω) and strictement positive in Ω.
(A₁) $a : \bar{Ω} \times R \to R$ is a Carathéodory function and a(x, 0) = 0 for a.e. $x \in \bar{Ω}$ ⁠.
(A₂) there exists c₁ > 0 such that

c_{1} | t |^{p (x)} \leq a (x, t) t \leq p (x) A (x, t) for a.e. x \in Ω and all t \in R .

such that $A (x, t) = \int_{0}^{t} a (x, s) d s$

(A₃) [a(x, s) − a(x, t)](s − t) ≥ 0 holds for all $s, t \in R$ and a.e. x ∈ Ω with equality if and only if s = t.
(A₄) There exist $0 < c_{0} < c_{1} \frac{q^{-} - 1}{p^{+} - 1}$ and a non-negative function d(x) ∈ L^p′^(x)(Ω), such that

| a (x, t) | \leq c_{0} (d (x) + | t |^{p (x) - 1}) for a .e. x \in Ω

for all $t \in R$ and d(x) that verifies $| d |_{p^{'} (x)} < \frac{1}{2} \min {\frac{q^{-} c_{1}}{c_{0}} - \frac{1}{p^{-}}, \frac{q^{-} - p^{+}}{c_{0}}}$ ⁠.

(A₅) $A : \bar{Ω} \times R \to R$ is homogeneous of degre p(x), that is $A (x, t u) = t^{p (x)} A (x, u) (t > 0) \forall x \in \bar{Ω}$ ⁠, $u \in R$ ⁠.

Under the above hypotheses, we give our main result.

Theorem 1.

Suppose that (A₁) − (A₅), (H₁), (H₂) and (b) hold. Then there exists a positive constants λ_⋆ such that the problem (PV) has at least two positive solutions for each $λ \in (0, λ_{⋆})$ ⁠.

The structure of this article is as follows: Section 2 presents key background results concerning variable exponent Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces, along with a compact embedding theorem of the Sobolev–Hardy type. Section 3 introduces the essential lemmas required for our analysis. We then establish that the energy functional achieves its minimum on both $N_{λ}^{+}$ and $N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠. We conclude with the proof of our main result.

2. Preliminaries

In this part, we review several fundamental properties and definitions of Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces with variable exponents. For further details, readers are encouraged to consult the comprehensive studies in Refs. [17–20].

In this study, we denote by M(Ω) the set of all real-valued functions that are measurable with respect to the Lebesgue measure on Ω, and we suppose that:

(H) p is log-Hölder continuous, satisfying 1 < p⁻ ≤ p⁺ < ∞.

That is, there exists k > 0 such that

| p (x) - p (y) | \leq \frac{k}{- \log | x - y |} for all x, y \in Ω, with 0 < | x - y | \leq \frac{1}{2} .

Let b ∈ M(Ω) satisfies the condition (b), we define the space:

L_{b (x)}^{p (x)} (Ω) = \{u \in M (Ω) : \int_{Ω} b (x) | u (x) |^{p (x)} d x < \infty\}

equipped with the norm,

| u |_{L_{b (x)}^{p (x)} (Ω)} = | u |_{(p (x), b (x))} = \inf \{γ > 0 : \int_{Ω} b (x) {|\frac{u (x)}{γ}|}^{p (x)} d x \leq 1\}

$(L_{b (x)}^{p (x)} (Ω), | \cdot |_{L_{b (x)}^{p (x)}})$ is a Banach space. For more details on this norm, (see for example [20], Theorem 2.5 and Corollary 2.7).

Additionally, we can establish the following inequality,

|\int_{Ω} u (x) v (x) d x| \leq 2 | u |_{p (x)} | v |_{p^{'} (x)},

(1)

for all u ∈ L^p(x)(Ω) and v ∈ L^p′^(x)(Ω), (see Ref. [20], Theorem 2.1).

We denote by $W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)$ the closure of $C_{0}^{\infty} (Ω)$ in W^1,p(x)(Ω).

Taking into account the log-Hölder countinuity of the exponent p(x), we have

W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω) = \{u \in W^{1, p (x)} (Ω) : u = 0 on \partial Ω\} .

As a consequence of the Poincaré inequality, $‖ u ‖_{W^{1, p (x)} (Ω)}$ and |▽u|_p(x) are equivalent norms on $W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠. Therefore, for any $u \in W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠, we can define an equivalent norm $‖ u ‖_{W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)}$ such that

‖ u ‖_{W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)} = | ▽ u |_{p (x)},

and which makes $W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)$ a separable and reflexive Banach space (see Ref. [21], Proposition 2.1).

Under condition (H), we can see that $C^{\infty} (\bar{Ω})$ is dense in W^k,p(x)(Ω) (see Refs. [22, 17]).

Theorem 2.

(see ([22]) and ([19], Theorem 2.3)). If $q \in C_{+} (\bar{Ω})$ and $q (x) < p_{2}^{*} (x)$ for all $x \in \bar{Ω}$ ⁠. Then W^2,p(x)(Ω)↪↪L^q(x)(Ω). , where

p_{2}^{*} (x) = \{\begin{matrix} \frac{N p (x)}{N - 2 p (x)} & i f & p (x) < \frac{N}{2}; \\ + \infty & i f & p (x) \geq \frac{N}{2}, \end{matrix}

The following lemma is very important.

Lemma 1.

Let us consider r(x), $γ (x) \in C_{+} (\bar{Ω})$ and

r (x) < \frac{N - γ (x)}{N} p_{2}^{⋆} (x) \forall x \in \bar{Ω} .

(2)

Then $W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) ↪ ↪ L_{| x |^{- γ (x)}}^{r (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠.

Proof. We notice $| x |^{- γ (x)} \in L^{\frac{N - ϵ}{γ (x)}} (Ω)$ such that ϵ > 0 is a constant small enough (see Ref. [21]). Let u ∈ W^2,p(x)(Ω). Set $h (x) = {(\frac{N - ϵ}{γ (x)})}^{'} r (x) = \frac{(N - ϵ) r (x)}{N - ϵ - γ (x)}$ ⁠.

Then (2) implies $h (x) < p_{2}^{*} (x)$ and by Theorem 2.3 (in Ref. [19]) we have W^2,p(x)(Ω)↪↪L^h(x)(Ω), then for u ∈ W^2,p(x)(Ω) we have $| u (x) |^{r (x)} \in L^{\frac{N - ϵ}{N - γ (x) - ϵ}} (Ω)$ and, from inequality 1, from inequality, one can see that

\int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{r (x)}}{| x |^{γ (x)}} d x \leq 2 {|| x |^{- γ (x)}|}_{\frac{N - ϵ}{γ (x)}} {|| u |^{r (x)}|}_{\frac{(N - ϵ)}{N - γ (x) - ϵ}} < \infty .

This proves $W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) \subset L_{| x |^{- γ (x)}}^{r (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠.

Now let (u_n) ⊂ W^2,p(x)(Ω) and u_n ⇀ 0 in W^2,p(x)(Ω). Using Theorem 2, we find that u_n → 0 in L^h(x)(Ω), and from this, we get ${{|| u_{n}|}^{r (x)}|}_{\frac{N - ϵ}{N - γ (x) - ϵ}} \to 0$ ⁠. Then

\int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{r (x)}}{| x |^{γ (x)}} d x \leq 2 {|| x |^{- γ (x)}|}_{\frac{N - ϵ}{γ (x)}} {|| u |^{r (x)}|}_{\frac{N - ϵ}{N - γ (x) - ϵ}} \to 0 .

that implies ${|u_{n}|}_{(r (x), | x |^{- γ (x)})} \to 0$ ⁠. Therefore, we have $W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) ↪ ↪ L_{| x |^{- γ (x)}}^{r (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠.

Remark 1.

when $r (x) = γ (x) = p (x) \forall x \in \bar{Ω}$ ⁠. Then $W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) ↪ ↪ L_{| x |^{- p (x)}}^{p (x)} (Ω)$ ⁠.◽

This result indicates the existence of a positive constant note C_p such that,

\int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \leq C_{p} ‖ u ‖_{W^{2, p (x)} (Ω)}^{p^{\pm}},

(3)

where ± = + if $‖ u ‖_{W^{2, p (x)} (Ω)} > 1$ ⁠, and ± = − if $‖ u ‖_{W^{2, p (x)} (Ω)} \leq 1$ ⁠.

Throughout this paper, we opted for the norm:

‖ u ‖_{b} = \inf \{μ > 0 : \int_{Ω} ({|\frac{Δ u (x)}{μ}|}^{p (x)} + \frac{b (x)}{| x |^{p (x)}} {|\frac{u (x)}{μ}|}^{p (x)}) d x \leq 1\},

where b(x) satisfies (b), this norm represents on both W^2,p(x)(Ω) and $W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) \cap W_{0}^{1, p (x)} (Ω)$ and we can see by relation (3) that is equivalent to $‖ \cdot ‖_{W^{2, p (x)} (Ω)}$ ⁠. We will search for the solutions of problem (PV) in this space.

Y = \{u \in W^{2, p (x)} (Ω) : u |_{\partial Ω} \equiv c o n s t a n t\} .

$(Y, ‖ \cdot ‖_{W^{2, p (x)} (Ω)})$ is a reflexive and separable Banach space ([23]). As a result, we take into account the modular $ρ : Y \to R$ such that

ρ (u) = \int_{Ω} [| Δ u |^{p (x)} + b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}}] d x .

The following inequalities have a significant connection to the norm ‖.‖_b, (see for example [23], Proposition 1). If u ∈ W^2,p(x)(Ω) then:

‖ u ‖_{b} \geq 1 \Rightarrow ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} \leq ρ (u) \leq ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{+}}

(4)

‖ u ‖_{b} \leq 1 \Rightarrow ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{+}} \leq ρ (u) \leq ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}}

(5)

We define the functional $ϝ : Y \to R$ such that

ϝ (u) = \int_{Ω} [A (x, Δ u) + \frac{b (x)}{p (x)} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}}] d x .

To see the properties of this functional, refer to ([1], Proposition 3; 5 and Theorem 3.2).

3. Some necessary lemmas

Definition 1.

u ∈ Y is a weak solution of problem (PV) if

\begin{array}{l} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ υ d x & + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x) - 2}}{| x |^{p (x)}} u υ d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{- 1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} u υ d x \\ - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x) - 2}}{| x |^{α (x)}} u υ d x = 0, \end{array}

for all υ ∈ Y.

For the problem (PV), the energy functional $T : Y \to R$ is defined as

T (u) = J_{1} (u) - λ I_{1} (u),

where

J_{1} (u) = ϝ (u) - \int_{Ω} \frac{1}{q (x)} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x and I_{1} (u) = \int_{Ω} \frac{1}{1 - s (x)} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x .

The weakly lower semi-continuous function T has a Gâteaux derivative that is defined by

\begin{array}{l} 〈 T^{'} (u), υ 〉 & = \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ υ d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x) - 2}}{| x |^{p (x)}} u υ d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{- 1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} u υ d x \\ - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x) - 2}}{| x |^{α (x)}} u υ d x, \end{array}

for all υ ∈ Y.

Remark 2.

T is not in $C^{1} (Y, R)$ because of the singular term in I₁.

For some problems, like (PV), T may not be bounded below on Y, but it does possess a bounded below on N_λ, such that

N_{λ} = {u \in Y / {0} : < T_{λ}^{'} (u), u > = 0} .

u ∈ N_λ if and only if

\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x = 0 .

We see that all solutions to the problem (PV) are included in N_λ.

Defined ϕ_u(t) = T(tu),

As a result, it makes sense to divide N_λ into the following three parts.

$ϕ_{u} (t) = \int_{Ω} t^{p (x)} A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} \frac{t^{p (x)} b (x)}{p (x)} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} \frac{t^{q (x)}}{q (x)} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{t^{1 - s (x)}}{1 - s (x)} \frac{| u |^{2 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x$ ⁠.

$ϕ_{u}^{'} (t) = \int_{Ω} p (x) t^{p (x) - 1} A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) t^{p (x) - 1} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} t^{q (x) - 1} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} t^{- s (x)} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x$

$ϕ_{u}^{″} (t) = \int_{Ω} p (x) (p (x) - 1) t^{p (x) - 2} A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} (p (x) - 1) b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} (q (x) - 1) t^{q (x) - 2} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x + λ \int_{Ω} s (x) t^{- 1 - s (x)} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x .$

\begin{array}{l} N_{λ}^{+} ≔ \{u \in N_{λ} : Φ_{u}^{''} (1) > 0\} = \{t u \in V \ {0} : Φ_{u}^{'} (t) = 0, Φ_{u}^{''} (t) > 0\}, \\ N_{λ}^{-} ≔ \{u \in N_{λ} : Φ_{u}^{''} (1) < 0\} = \{t u \in V \ {0} : Φ_{u}^{'} (t) = 0, Φ_{u}^{''} (t) < 0\}, \\ N_{λ}^{0} ≔ \{u \in N_{λ} : Φ_{u}^{''} (1) = 0\} = \{t u \in V \ {0} : Φ_{u}^{'} (t) = 0, Φ_{u}^{''} (t) = 0\} . \end{array}

Lemma 2.

T is bounded below on N_λ and is coercive.

Proof. Lemma 1 and (A₂) provide us, if u ∈ N_λ such that ‖u‖_b > 1.

\begin{array}{l} T (u) & = \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} \frac{b (x)}{p (x)} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{1}{1 - s (x)} \frac{| u |^{2 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ - \int_{Ω} \frac{1}{q (x)} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ \geq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} \frac{b (x)}{p (x)} \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \frac{1}{q^{-}} (\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x \\ + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x) \\ \geq (\frac{1}{p^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{+}}) \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + (\frac{1}{p^{-}} - \frac{1}{q^{+}}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ - λ (\frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{-}}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ \geq C_{1} (\frac{1}{p^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{+}}) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} - λ C_{s} (\frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{-}}) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{1 - s^{+}} . \end{array}

With C₁ = min{1, c₁}, since 1 − s⁺ < p⁻, then T(u) → +∞ when ‖u‖_b → +∞.◽

Lemma 3.

Given u as a local minimum of T on subsets $N_{λ}^{+}$ or $N_{λ}^{-}$ , where u is not an element of $N_{λ}^{0}$ , it follows that u represents a critical point of T.

Proof. Assume that, under the given restriction, u is a local minimizer of T.

I_{λ} (u) ≔ ⟨T^{'} (u), u⟩ = 0 .

(6)

Thus, we use the theory of Lagrange multipliers to prove that there exists $μ \in R$ that satisfies

T^{'} (u) = μ I_{λ}^{'} (u)

Consequently,

⟨T^{'} (u), u⟩ = μ ⟨I_{λ}^{'} (u), u⟩ = μ Φ_{u}^{''} (1) = 0 .

From this $u \notin N_{λ}^{0}$ ⁠, it follows that $Φ_{u}^{''} (1) \neq 0$ ⁠. As a result, μ = 0.◽

Lemma 4.

There is λ₀ such that, $N_{λ}^{\pm} \neq \emptyset$ and $N_{λ}^{0} = \emptyset$ , for every 0 < λ < λ₀.

Proof. Initially, applying Lemma 3, we can infer that $N_{λ}^{\pm} \neq \emptyset$ for λ ∈ (0, λ₀). Now since u ∈ N_λ, we deduce the following

\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x = 0 .

(7)

Assuming $u \in N_{λ}^{0}$ with ‖u‖_b > 1. By combining the above equality with (6), under the conditions (A₁) and (A₄), we get

\begin{array}{l} 0 & = < I_{λ}^{'} (u), u > \geq (p^{-} - 1) \int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u) d x + (p^{-} - 1) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ - (q^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x + s^{+} (\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x) \\ \geq (p^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + (p^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ - (q^{+} + s^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ \geq (p^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) [c_{1} \int_{Ω} | Δ u |^{p (x)} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x] \\ - (q^{+} + s^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ \geq C_{2} (p^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) (\int_{Ω} | Δ u |^{p (x)} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) \\ - (q^{+} + s^{-} - 1) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \end{array}

such that C₂ = min{c₁, 1}. From lemma 1 and (4), we get

C_{2} (p^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} - C_{q} (q^{+} + s^{-} - 1) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{q^{-}} \leq 0

Hence

‖ u ‖_{b} \geq {(\frac{C_{2}}{C_{q} (q^{+} + s^{-} - 1)})}^{\frac{1}{q^{+} - p^{-}}} .

(8)

Since u ∈ N_λ and since $u \in N_{λ}^{0}$ ⁠, we get

\begin{array}{l} 0 & \leq (p^{+} - 1) [\int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u) d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x] + λ s^{+} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ - (q^{-} - 1) (\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u) Δ u d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x) \\ \leq (c_{0} (p^{+} - 1) - (q^{-} - 1) c_{1}) \int_{Ω} | Δ u |^{p (x)} d x + (p^{+} - q^{-}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ + c_{0} (p^{+} - 1) p^{+} \int_{Ω} d (x) Δ u d x + λ (q^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \end{array}

Since ‖u‖_b > 1, by lemma 1 and (4) we get

0 \leq - C_{3} ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} + 2 p^{+} (p^{+} - 1) c_{0} | d |_{p^{'} (x)} ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{+}} + λ C_{s} (q^{-} - 1 + s^{+}) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{1 - s^{-}} .

such that C₃ = min{(q⁻ − 1)c₁ − c₀(p⁺ − 1), q⁻ − p⁺}, hence

‖ u ‖_{b} \leq {(\frac{λ C_{s} (q^{-} + s^{+} - 1)}{C_{3} - 2 p^{+} (p^{+} - 1) c_{0} | d |_{p^{'} (x)}})}^{\frac{1}{p^{-} + s^{-} - 1}} .

(9)

Using the above inequality, we find

{(\frac{C_{2}}{C_{q} (q^{+} + s^{-} - 1)})}^{\frac{1}{q^{+} - p^{-}}} \leq {(\frac{λ C_{s} (q^{-} + s^{+} - 1)}{C_{3} - 2 p^{+} (p^{+} - 1) c_{0} | d |_{p^{'} (x)}})}^{\frac{1}{p^{-} + s^{-} - 1}} .

(10)

we get

λ \geq {(\frac{C_{2}}{C_{q} (q^{+} + s^{-} - 1)})}^{\frac{p^{-} + s^{-} - 1}{q^{+} - p^{-}}} \frac{C_{3} - 2 p^{+} (p^{+} - 1) c_{0} | d |_{p^{'} (x)}}{C_{s} (q^{-} + s^{+} - 1)} = λ_{0} .

Then, if λ small enough, we obtain ‖u‖_b < 1, which is impossible. Therefore, $N_{λ}^{0} = \emptyset$ for all λ ∈ (0, λ₀). Hence, this proof is complete.◽

Now let us show that the energy functional T in $N_{λ}^{+}$ has a minimum. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that this minimum corresponds to a solution for the problem (PV).

Theorem 3.

There is $u_{0} \in N_{λ}^{+}$ for any λ ∈ (0, λ₀), which satisfies

T (u_{0}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u) .

Proof. Consider λ ∈ (0, λ₀), it follows that T is bounded below on N_λ and, consequently on $N_{λ}^{+}$ ⁠. Hence, we can establish the existence of a sequence ${u_{n}} \subset N_{λ}^{+}$ ⁠, satisfying $T (u_{n}) \to \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u)$ as n → ∞. T is coercive on N_λ and {u_n} is bounded in V; by utilizing lemma 1, we deduce the following

u_{n} \to u_{0} in L_{| x |^{- β (x)}}^{1 - s (x)} (Ω) and u_{n} \to u_{0} in L_{| x |^{- α (x)}}^{q (x)} (Ω) .

First we will show that $\inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u) > 0$

Let $u_{0} \in N_{λ}^{+}$ ⁠, then $ϕ_{u_{0}}^{''} (1) > 0$ ⁠, which gives

\begin{align} (p^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x & + (p^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - (q^{-} - 1) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ + λ s^{+} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x > 0 . \end{align}

(11)

We can write

\begin{align} T (u_{0}) \leq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x & + \frac{1}{p^{-}} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) - \frac{1}{q^{+}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ - λ \frac{1}{1 - s^{-}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \end{align}

(12)

We multiply (6) with s⁺, we obtain

\begin{align} s^{+} (\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x & + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) - s^{+} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ - λ s^{+} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x = 0, \end{align}

(13)

invoking (13) and (11), we obtain

\begin{align} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x & < \frac{1}{q^{-} + s^{+} - 1} ((p^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x + s^{+} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x \\ + (p^{+} - 1 + s^{+}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) . \end{align}

(14)

However, we multiply (6) with $- \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}$ ⁠, and from (12), we get

\begin{array}{l} T (u_{0}) & \leq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x \\ + \frac{1 - s^{+} - p^{-}}{p^{-} (1 - s^{+})} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - (\frac{1}{q^{+}} - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x, \end{array}

Replacing the inequality (14) in the previous inequality, we get

\begin{array}{l} T (u_{0}) & \leq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x \\ + \frac{1 - s^{+} - p^{-}}{p^{-} (1 - s^{+})} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x + \frac{1}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})} ((p^{+} - 1) \int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x \\ + s^{+} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x + (p^{+} - 1 + s^{+}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) \\ \leq (\frac{1}{p^{-}} + \frac{p^{+} - 1}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) \int_{Ω} p (x) A (x, Δ u_{0}) d x - (\frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} + \frac{s^{+}}{q^{+} (s^{+} - 1)}) \times \\ \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{0}) Δ u_{0} d x + (\frac{1 - s^{+} - p^{-}}{p^{-} (1 - s^{+})} + \frac{p^{+} - 1 + s^{+}}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \end{array}

and by the conditions A₂ and A₄, we have

\begin{array}{l} T (u_{0}) & \leq c_{0} (\frac{1}{p^{-}} + \frac{1}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) \int_{Ω} | Δ u |^{p (x)} d x - c_{1} (\frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} + \frac{s^{+}}{q^{+} (s^{+} - 1)}) \times \\ \int_{Ω} | Δ u |^{p (x)} d x + (\frac{1 - s^{+} - p^{-}}{p^{-} (1 - s^{+})} + \frac{p^{+} - 1 + s^{+}}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ + c_{0} (1 + \frac{1}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) \int_{Ω} d (x) Δ u_{0} d x \\ \leq - C_{4} ‖ u_{0} ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} + 2 c_{0} C | d |_{p^{'} (x)} ‖ u_{0} ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} \end{array}

such that $0 < C_{4} = \min {\frac{c_{0}}{p^{-}} (\frac{1}{p^{-}} + \frac{1}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}) - c_{1} (\frac{1}{1 - s^{+}} + \frac{s^{+}}{q^{+} (s^{+} - 1)}), \frac{1 - s^{+} - p^{-}}{p^{-} (1 - s^{+})} + \frac{p^{+} - 1 + s^{+}}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})}}$ ⁠, then by the definition of the function d and the above inequality, we get

T (u_{0}) \leq (2 c_{0} | d |_{p^{'} (x)} - C_{3}) ‖ u ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} < 0 .

Assume that $u_{n} ↛ u_{0}$ strongly in Y. Then

\int_{Ω} | Δ u_{0} |^{p (x)} d x \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf \int_{Ω} | Δ u_{n} |^{p (x)} d x .

We use the compact embedding to derive the following

\begin{array}{l} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{0} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x & = \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x & = \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{0} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x & = \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \end{array}

Now, by (6) and Theorem 2.3 in Ref. [24].

\begin{array}{l} T (u_{n}) \geq & \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{n}) d x - \frac{1}{q^{-}} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{n}) Δ u_{n} d x + (\frac{1}{p^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{-}}) \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ + λ (\frac{1}{q^{+}} - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x, \end{array}

and by (A₂), we get

\begin{array}{l} T (u_{n}) & \geq \frac{q^{-} - p^{+}}{p^{+} q^{-}} \int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{n}) Δ u_{n} d x + \frac{q^{-} - p^{+}}{q^{-} p^{+}} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x \\ + λ \frac{1 - s^{+} - q^{+}}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ \geq C_{5} \frac{q^{-} - p^{+}}{q^{-} p^{+}} (\int_{Ω} | Δ u_{n} |^{p (x)} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) \\ + λ \frac{1 - s^{+} - q^{+}}{q^{+} (1 - s^{+})} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \end{array}

which C₅ = min{c₁, 1}, now passing n → ∞, we obtain

\begin{array}{l} \lim_{n \to \infty} T (u_{n}) \geq & C_{5} \frac{q^{-} - p^{+}}{q^{-} p^{+}} (\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_{Ω} | Δ u_{n} |^{p (x)} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) \\ + λ (\frac{1}{q^{+}} - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}) \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \end{array}

using Theorem 2.3 in Ref. [24], we get

\inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u_{n}) > (\frac{1}{p^{-}} - \frac{1}{q^{+}}) ‖ u_{0} ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} + λ C_{s} (\frac{1}{q^{+}} - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}) ‖ u_{0} ‖_{b}^{1 - s^{+}} > 0 .

Since p⁻ > 1 − s⁺, which give a contradiction. Therefore, u_n → u₀ in Y and $\inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u_{n}) = T (u_{0})$

Second, we shall now prove that the functional energy T in $N_{λ}^{-}$ is at a minimum.◽

Theorem 4.

for every λ ∈ (0, λ₀), there exists $u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ satisfying

T (u_{1}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u) .

Proof. Consider that λ ∈ (0, λ₀); thus, it follows T, which is bounded below on $N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠. Consequently, there exists ${u_{n}} \subset N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠, with $T (u_{n}) \to \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u)$ as n → ∞. T is coercive in N_λ, {u_n} is bounded in V; therefore, we can assume that using u_n → u₁ in Y by lemma 1, we obtain

u_{n} \to u_{1} in L_{| x |^{- β (x)}}^{1 - s (x)} (Ω),

u_{n} \to u_{1} in L_{| x |^{- α (x)}}^{q (x)} (Ω) .

Currently, prove that u_n → u₁ in Y. First, we will show that $\inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u) > 0$

Let $u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠, then from (6), we give

\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{1}) Δ u_{1} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x = 0 .

(15)

Then

\begin{align} T (u) & \geq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{1}) d x + \frac{1}{p^{+}} \int_{Ω} a (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \frac{1}{q^{-}} (\int_{Ω} a (x, Δ u_{1}) Δ u_{1} d x \\ + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - λ \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x) - \frac{λ}{1 - s^{+}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ \geq C_{5} (\frac{1}{p^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{-}}) (\int_{Ω} | Δ u_{n} |^{p (x)} d x + \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x) \end{align}

(16)

\begin{align} + λ (\frac{1}{q^{+}} - \frac{1}{1 - s^{+}}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x \\ \geq C_{4} (\frac{1}{p^{+}} - \frac{1}{q^{-}}) ‖ u_{1} ‖_{b}^{p^{-}} + λ C_{s} (\frac{1}{q^{-}} - \frac{λ}{1 - s^{+}}) ‖ u_{1} ‖_{b}^{1 - s^{+}} . \end{align}

(17)

As we have p⁻ > 1 − β⁺, we can make the following choice.

λ < \min \{\frac{C_{5} (q^{-} - p^{+}) (1 - s^{+})}{C_{s} p^{+} (q^{+} + s^{+} - 1)}, λ 0\}

We obtain T(u₁) > 0. Moreover, since $N_{λ}^{+} \cap N_{λ}^{-} = \emptyset$ and $\inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u) < 0$ ⁠, then $u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠. The same, if $u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠; hence, there is t₁, satisfying $t_{1} u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ and so T(t₁u₁) ≤ T(u₁).

\begin{array}{l} I_{λ}^{'} (u_{1}) & = \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{1}) d x + \int_{Ω} p (x) b (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \int_{Ω} q (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ - λ \int_{Ω} (1 - s (x)) \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x < 0, \end{array}

we get

\begin{array}{l} I_{λ}^{'} (t_{1} u_{1}) & \leq t_{1}^{p^{+}} \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{1}) d x + t_{1}^{p^{+}} p^{+} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}}) d x - t_{1}^{q^{-}} q^{-} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - \\ λ t_{1}^{1 - s^{+}} (1 - s^{+}) \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \end{array}

Since 1 − s⁺ < p⁺ < q⁻, $I_{λ}^{'} (t_{1} u_{1}) < 0$ ⁠; so by definition of $N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠, we have $t_{1} u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$

Now, let us assume that $u_{n} ↛ u_{1}$ in Y, we know that

\int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{1}) d x \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} \inf \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ u_{n}) d x .

which gives us

\begin{array}{l} T (t_{1} u_{1}) & \leq \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ (t_{1} u_{1})) d x + \frac{t_{1}^{p^{+}}}{p^{+}} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{1} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}} d x - \frac{t_{1}^{q^{-}}}{q^{-}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x \\ - λ \frac{t_{1}^{1 - s^{+}}}{1 - s^{+}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{1} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x . \\ \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} [t_{1}^{p^{+}} \int_{Ω} A (x, Δ (t_{1} u_{n})) d x + \frac{t_{1}^{p^{+}}}{p^{+}} \int_{Ω} b (x) \frac{| u_{n} |^{p (x)}}{| x |^{p (x)}}) d x \\ - \frac{t_{1}^{q^{-}}}{q^{-}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{q (x)}}{| x |^{α (x)}} d x - λ \frac{t_{1}^{1 - s^{+}}}{1 - s^{+}} \int_{Ω} \frac{| u_{n} |^{1 - s (x)}}{| x |^{β (x)}} d x .] \\ \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} T (t_{1} u_{n}) \leq \lim_{n \to \infty} T (u_{n}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u), \end{array}

This contradicts with $t_{1} u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ ⁠; hence, u_n → u₁ in Y and $T (u_{1}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u)$ ⁠.

◽

4. Proof of theorem 1

Proof. Invoking Theorems 3 and 4, we can conclude that for every λ ∈ (0, λ₀), there exist $u_{0} \in N_{λ}^{+}$ and $u_{1} \in N_{λ}^{-}$ such that

T (u_{0}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{+}} T (u) and T (u_{1}) = \inf_{u \in N_{λ}^{-}} T (u) .

On the one hand, considering the properties of the function T, we can assume that u₀ and u₁ are non-negative, and by applying Lemma 2, we can show that they are critical points of T on the set Y, which makes them weak solutions of the problem (PV). Using the Harnack inequality and the results of Zhang-Liu [25], we can then demonstrate that u₀ and u₁ are non-negative solutions of (PV).

Since $N_{λ}^{+} \cap N_{λ}^{-} = \emptyset$ ⁠, we conclude that u₀, u₁ must be distinct. Thus, we have demonstrated that the solutions u₀ and u₁ obtained from Theorem 3 and Theorem 4 are indeed different. Consequently, Theorem 1 has now been completely proved.◽

The anonymous editors and referees who thoroughly examined this work and offered helpful criticism are acknowledged by the authors.

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Ibrahim Chamlal, Mohammed Barghouthe, Mohamed Talbi and Najib Tsouli

Published in the Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at Link to the terms of the CC BY 4.0 licence.

Nehari manifold approach to singular fourth-order Leray–Lions equations with no-flux boundary conditions

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Some necessary lemmas

4. Proof of theorem 1

References

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Nehari manifold approach to singular fourth-order Leray–Lions equations with no-flux boundary conditions

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Some necessary lemmas

4. Proof of theorem 1

References

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