7 Concrete foundations and substructures: a historical review

Concrete has been used extensively in foundations since the revival of interest in its use two centuries ago. This paper outlines changes in its applications and use for foundations and substructures over this period, paying particular attention to early 20th century developments with reinforced concrete, and some post-Second World War innovations such as diaphragm walls and the use of large diameter bored piles in London Clay.

• Synopsis

• Introduction

• Early use of concrete in foundations

• Raft foundations and concrete footings

• Pile foundations

• Case studies: prior to 1914

• Reinforced concrete retaining walls 96

• Diaphragm walls 159–164

• Bored piled retaining walls

• Design of foundations

• Conclusions

• References