Chapter 12: Liquefaction countermeasures

Many innovative soil improvement techniques have been developed in the last 50 years to mitigate seismic effects, including liquefaction. New techniques are still being developed when difficult circumstances are encountered in the field, while available techniques are being refined to better suit different site conditions or construction constraints.

There is no attempt to provide a comprehensive discussion of all available liquefaction countermeasures in this chapter; rather, only commonly used methods are discussed in detail. References to more complete descriptions of each method are provided. Because ground improvement technologies change rapidly and as new techniques are developed and existing techniques are refined and tested by actual earthquakes, the relevant geotechnical literature should be constantly reviewed.