Chapter 5: Challenges of Decision-Making for Ethical Leaders in Developing States

Corruption prevention measures could broadly be divided into two main themes: a compliance based approach and a values based approach. Whereas the compliance-based approach focuses on the imposition of external control and compliance with policies and rules, the value-based approach focuses on the development of integrity and requires individuals to internalize ethical values. The value-based approach identifies the less formal aspects of ethics management including inter alia communicating moral expectations with employees, visibly punishing offenders, providing ethics training, and appraising ethics performance of employees by making it a stand-alone key performance area. With a value-based approach to ethics management, senior officials are expected to demonstrate commitment to their own ethical conduct. This integrity (or values) based approach is rooted in self-governance; rather than simply compliance with acts, policies, and procedures (Lawton, Rayner, & Lasthuizen, 2013, p. 162).