BEYOND SOCIAL EXCHANGE: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR THEORY AND RESEARCH

Virtually all research on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is rooted in a social exchange based view of citizenship performance. While we do not dispute the significant role exchange motives play in citizenship performance, we nevertheless see what amounts to a preoccupation with and over-reliance on social exchange processes in extant OCB theory. With the goals of improving the prediction of citizenship performance and advancing human resource management practice, we outline several new directions for OCB theory and research.