Book cover for Tunnel construction and design
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Tunnel construction and design
Author and Other Information
Emerald Publishing Limited
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1680/cotcadm21999.45309
ISBN print:
978-0-7277-4530-9
Publication date:
2011
Book Chapter

The Formation of Openings and Portals

By
Malcolm Chappel
Malcolm Chappel
AMEC Tunnelling, Stone,Staffordshire, England
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Author and Other Information
Malcolm Chappel
AMEC Tunnelling, Stone,Staffordshire, England
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1680/cotcadm21999.45309.0010
  • Published:
    2011

  • 1.0 Introduction

  • 2.0 Definitions

  • 3.0 Shaft/Tunnel Openings

  • 4.0 Portals

  • 5.0 Conclusion

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