Chapter 2: The Significance of Cultural Diversity

Dozens of ancient civilizations developed around the world and prospered until they vanished or were replaced by other civilizations. Some remain in existence today, at least in spirit; for example, the ancient Greek democracies have spiritual descendants throughout most of Europe and the West, though an ancient Greek might not recognize the modern forms of democracy. Other civilizations have left only archaeological remains. China is an exception: a recognizably Chinese civilization has existed for more than 3,500 years (based on the starting date of the Shang Dynasty, in 1600 bce). Like all other civilizations, China experienced countless periods of warfare, leading to a long history of one dynasty replacing another. Yet a recognizably Chinese culture has persisted, despite this turmoil.