... Poverty line effect Income distribution effect D31 I32 O12 O15 Poverty reduction has been at the heart of international development agendas, notably the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals. About two billion people lived in absolute poverty just...

...–rural inequality Industrial structure China D63 I31 O15 In many developing countries, economic development has resulted in a tremendous transformation in the composition of the production sectors. Changes in industrial structure have profoundly affected labor structure and income...

... 06 10 2019 11 10 2019 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Economy growth Hukou system Exclusive and non-exclusive public services Fixed effects and instrumental variables J08 J18 O15 O43 P25...

... © Emerald Publishing Limited 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Agricultural division of labour Agricultural production efficiency Agricultural production mode transformation Endogenous selection bias Farmers’ cooperatives Q13 Q12 O15 O47...

... only Figure 1 National policies that have shaped the expansion of preschool over the reform period Trends China Achievements Policies Rural education Shortcomings O15 O20 O53 During the 1990s, policymakers continued to make refinements to policies, especially in terms...