..., over-reliance on automated design cannot fully incorporate the designers’ experiences and may result in the final design alternative being not optimal or even wrong. Hence, integrating automated design decisions with practical experiences for quantitative multi-objective decision-making becomes...

... pricing model, net present value (NPV) and adjusted VFM value are then calculated. Finally, a multi-objective decision-making method (MODM) was adopted to determine the optimal level of returns based on invested capital (ROIC), return on operation maintenance (ROOM) and concession period. Findings...