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Significance

The Arctic memorandum signals greater concern in the US defence community and Congress over rising great-power competition in the region. Russia has become more assertive militarily, while China is seeking greater presence, including in 2018 expressing interest in building airfields in Greenland.

Impacts

Trump’s scepticism about NATO will make coordinating with allies over the Arctic more difficult.

China and the United States will both seek access to Arctic natural resources.

Greater US focus on the Arctic could cause tensions with Canada over the Northwest Passage.

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