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Significance

Determination to avoid a direct clash between US and Russian forces limits Biden’s options for the Ukraine crisis. It also raises questions about the circumstances under which he would be prepared to use force and whether there are genuine ‘red lines’ which, if crossed, would result in a commitment of US troops to battle.

Impacts

Biden will increase the supply of defensive weapons, training, advice and intelligence to Kyiv.

The US military presence in NATO’s eastern member countries, including the Baltic states, will be reinforced.

NATO allies will receive reassurance that Washington will uphold its collective defence commitments.

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