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Subject

Russia's World Cup expenditure.

Significance

Russia has spent lavishly on its World Cup football stadiums, but the majority of investment has gone into airports and urban transport systems. This useful infrastructure development has been spread around nine regional host cities as well as Moscow and St Petersburg.

Impacts

The World Cup is unlikely to affect Russia's key adversarial relationships either way.

Within the former Soviet region, Russia has gained additional prestige for hosting the World Cup.

The absence of football violence will count as a success for Russian policing.

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